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Campaign of the Sultanates
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Campaign of the Sultanates
The Campaign of the Sultanates refers to when in the mid-1920s, under Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime, the Italian government ordered the full military occupation of the Italian protectorates Majeerteen Sultanate and Sultanate of Hobyo through the Royal Corps of Colonial Troops, which led to armed resistance and rebellions across the country. With the arrival of Governor Cesare Maria De Vecchi on 15 December 1923, things began to change in Italian Somalia; Italy had access to these areas under the successive protection treaties, but direct rule only in some areas, including in the majority of Benadir territory. Given the defeat of the Dervish movement in the early 1920s, and the rise of fascism in Europe, on 1925, Mussolini gave the green light to De Vecchi to start the takeover of the northern sultanates. The treaties abrogated, and the former Italian protectorates of Majeerteen and Hobyo were eventually directly annexed to the Italian colony of Somalia.
With the arrival of Governor Cesare Maria De Vecchi on 15 December 1923, things began to change in Somalia, Italy had access to these areas under the successive protection treaties, but not direct rule. The Fascist government had direct rule only over the majority of Benadir territory. Given the defeat of the Dervish movement in the early 1920s, and the rise of fascism in Europe, on 1925, Mussolini gave the green light to De Vecchi to start the takeover of the northern sultanates. Everything was to be changed and the treaties abrogated.
In September 1925 Ali Yusuf Kenadid of Hobyo agreed to hand over his weapons and on 1 October three columns of dubats, under the command of Colonel Di Bello, entered the sultanate's territory, occupying it completely within a few weeks and deposing the ruler. Commissioner Trivulzio, assigned with administering Hobyo, reported the movement of armed men towards the borders of the sultanate before and after the annexation. As preparations were underway to continue the Corpo Zaptié's advance into Majeerteen Sultanate, a new threat emerged. One of Sultan Ali Yusuf's commanders, Omar Samatar, attacked and captured Ceel Buur on November 9, 1925. In which he personally murdered Italian Captain Francesco Carolei, after which he cut off the captain's right hand and threw it over the forts wall, to signal to his army that the rebellion was now underway.
The local populace sided with Omar, and soon enough the Italians had a full-scale revolt on their hands after Omar followed up his previous success with the capture of El-Dhere. The Corpo Zaptié tried and failed to recapture El-Bur from Omar. By 15 November the Zaptié had fled to Bud Bud, ambushed by partisans the whole way and rather diminished in forces and resolve.
A third attempt was planned, but before it could be executed the commander of the operation, Lieutenant-Colonel Guido Splendorelli, was ambushed and killed between Bud Bud and Bula Barde. In an attempt to salvage the situation, governor De Vecchi requested two battalions from Eritrea and assumed personal command. The rebellion soon spilled over the borders into the Benadir and Western Somaliland, and Omar grew increasingly powerful. The disaster in Hobyo shocked Italian policymakers in Rome. Blame soon fell on Governor De Vecchi, whose perceived incompetence was blamed for Omar's rise. Rome instructed De Vecchi that he was to receive the reinforcement from Eritrea, but that the commander of the Eritrean battalions was to assume the military command and De Vecchi was confined to Mogadishu, and limited to an administrative role. The commander was to report directly to Rome, bypassing De Vecchi entirely.
Considering the eons-old clan rivalries which have been the bane of Somali states from time immemorial turned out to be far more successful than the Eritrean regiments in reversing the rebellion. The Habar Gidir led by Hersi Gurey, who were long enemies of the Hobyo Sultanate, arrived to help the Italians crush the revolt. Although many members of the Habar Gidir sided with Omar Samatar's popular resistance originally.
With the steam taken out of the rebellion, and the military forces heavily reinforced with the battalions from Eritrea, the Italians retook Ceel Buur on 26 December 1925, and eventually compelled Omar Samatar to retreat into the Ogaden, where skirmishes between his remaining forces and Italian soldiers would continue.
The new Alula commissioner, presented Boqor Osman with an ultimatum to disarm and surrender. Meanwhile, Italian troops began to pour into the sultanate in anticipation of this operation. While landing at Haafuun and Alula, the sultanate's troops opened fire on them. Fierce fighting ensued and to avoid escalating the conflict and to press the fascist government to revoke their policy, Boqor Osman tried to open a dialogue. However, he failed, and again fighting broke out between the two parties. Following this disturbance, on 7 October the Governor instructed Coronaro to order the Sultan to surrender; to intimidate the people he ordered the seizure of all merchant boats in the Alula area. At Hafun, Arimondi bombarded and destroyed all the boats in the area.
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Campaign of the Sultanates
The Campaign of the Sultanates refers to when in the mid-1920s, under Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime, the Italian government ordered the full military occupation of the Italian protectorates Majeerteen Sultanate and Sultanate of Hobyo through the Royal Corps of Colonial Troops, which led to armed resistance and rebellions across the country. With the arrival of Governor Cesare Maria De Vecchi on 15 December 1923, things began to change in Italian Somalia; Italy had access to these areas under the successive protection treaties, but direct rule only in some areas, including in the majority of Benadir territory. Given the defeat of the Dervish movement in the early 1920s, and the rise of fascism in Europe, on 1925, Mussolini gave the green light to De Vecchi to start the takeover of the northern sultanates. The treaties abrogated, and the former Italian protectorates of Majeerteen and Hobyo were eventually directly annexed to the Italian colony of Somalia.
With the arrival of Governor Cesare Maria De Vecchi on 15 December 1923, things began to change in Somalia, Italy had access to these areas under the successive protection treaties, but not direct rule. The Fascist government had direct rule only over the majority of Benadir territory. Given the defeat of the Dervish movement in the early 1920s, and the rise of fascism in Europe, on 1925, Mussolini gave the green light to De Vecchi to start the takeover of the northern sultanates. Everything was to be changed and the treaties abrogated.
In September 1925 Ali Yusuf Kenadid of Hobyo agreed to hand over his weapons and on 1 October three columns of dubats, under the command of Colonel Di Bello, entered the sultanate's territory, occupying it completely within a few weeks and deposing the ruler. Commissioner Trivulzio, assigned with administering Hobyo, reported the movement of armed men towards the borders of the sultanate before and after the annexation. As preparations were underway to continue the Corpo Zaptié's advance into Majeerteen Sultanate, a new threat emerged. One of Sultan Ali Yusuf's commanders, Omar Samatar, attacked and captured Ceel Buur on November 9, 1925. In which he personally murdered Italian Captain Francesco Carolei, after which he cut off the captain's right hand and threw it over the forts wall, to signal to his army that the rebellion was now underway.
The local populace sided with Omar, and soon enough the Italians had a full-scale revolt on their hands after Omar followed up his previous success with the capture of El-Dhere. The Corpo Zaptié tried and failed to recapture El-Bur from Omar. By 15 November the Zaptié had fled to Bud Bud, ambushed by partisans the whole way and rather diminished in forces and resolve.
A third attempt was planned, but before it could be executed the commander of the operation, Lieutenant-Colonel Guido Splendorelli, was ambushed and killed between Bud Bud and Bula Barde. In an attempt to salvage the situation, governor De Vecchi requested two battalions from Eritrea and assumed personal command. The rebellion soon spilled over the borders into the Benadir and Western Somaliland, and Omar grew increasingly powerful. The disaster in Hobyo shocked Italian policymakers in Rome. Blame soon fell on Governor De Vecchi, whose perceived incompetence was blamed for Omar's rise. Rome instructed De Vecchi that he was to receive the reinforcement from Eritrea, but that the commander of the Eritrean battalions was to assume the military command and De Vecchi was confined to Mogadishu, and limited to an administrative role. The commander was to report directly to Rome, bypassing De Vecchi entirely.
Considering the eons-old clan rivalries which have been the bane of Somali states from time immemorial turned out to be far more successful than the Eritrean regiments in reversing the rebellion. The Habar Gidir led by Hersi Gurey, who were long enemies of the Hobyo Sultanate, arrived to help the Italians crush the revolt. Although many members of the Habar Gidir sided with Omar Samatar's popular resistance originally.
With the steam taken out of the rebellion, and the military forces heavily reinforced with the battalions from Eritrea, the Italians retook Ceel Buur on 26 December 1925, and eventually compelled Omar Samatar to retreat into the Ogaden, where skirmishes between his remaining forces and Italian soldiers would continue.
The new Alula commissioner, presented Boqor Osman with an ultimatum to disarm and surrender. Meanwhile, Italian troops began to pour into the sultanate in anticipation of this operation. While landing at Haafuun and Alula, the sultanate's troops opened fire on them. Fierce fighting ensued and to avoid escalating the conflict and to press the fascist government to revoke their policy, Boqor Osman tried to open a dialogue. However, he failed, and again fighting broke out between the two parties. Following this disturbance, on 7 October the Governor instructed Coronaro to order the Sultan to surrender; to intimidate the people he ordered the seizure of all merchant boats in the Alula area. At Hafun, Arimondi bombarded and destroyed all the boats in the area.
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