Capitol Limited

The Capitol Limited is a daily long-distance passenger train operated by Amtrak, connecting Washington, D.C., with Chicago, Illinois, over a 764-mile (1,229 km) route that traverses Maryland, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana.^[1] The service, which takes approximately 17 hours and 25 minutes, follows historic rail lines including the former Baltimore and Ohio Railroad mainline, offering passengers scenic views of the Potomac River, Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, the Allegheny Mountains, and the industrial landscapes of the Midwest heartland.^[1][2] Named after the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's flagship train of the same name that debuted in 1923, Amtrak's version emphasizes comfort with reserved coach seating, private sleeping accommodations, onboard dining featuring regional cuisine, and amenities like showers and Wi-Fi.^[3][1] Introduced on October 1, 1981, as one of Amtrak's inaugural long-distance routes, the Capitol Limited was designed to link the nation's capital with the Midwest's economic hub, filling a gap left by the decline of private rail services in the post-World War II era.^[3] The train's path from Washington Union Station heads northwest along the Potomac Valley to Cumberland, Maryland, then climbs through the Appalachians to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where it shifts to tracks formerly owned by the Pennsylvania Railroad (now Norfolk Southern) for the leg through Cleveland, Toledo, and into Chicago Union Station.^[2] Key stops include Rockville in Maryland; Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in West Virginia; Connellsville and Greensburg in Pennsylvania; Alliance, Canton, and Elyria in Ohio; and Waterloo and South Bend in Indiana, providing access to historic sites, universities, and urban centers.^[1] Throughout its history, the Capitol Limited has adapted to infrastructure changes and operational needs, including equipment upgrades to Superliner cars in the 1980s and the introduction of contemporary dining options in 2019 with hot entrées and flexible menus for sleeper car passengers.^[4] In November 2024, amid the Hudson Yards East River Tunnel Rehabilitation Project, Amtrak temporarily suspended the standalone service and merged it with the Silver Star to create the Floridian route from Chicago to Miami via Washington, D.C., enhancing connectivity during the disruption.^[5] As of November 2025, the Capitol Limited has not yet resumed its standard schedule, with the Chicago–Washington segment continuing to operate as part of the daily Floridian trains 21 and 22. The route remains popular for its blend of natural beauty—particularly the dramatic views along the Potomac River and through the Allegheny Mountains—and cultural significance, evoking the golden age of American rail travel while serving modern commuters and tourists.^[1][2]

Overview

Route and Schedule

The Capitol Limited provides daily passenger rail service between Chicago Union Station in Illinois and Washington Union Station in the District of Columbia, spanning approximately 764 miles through the Midwestern and Appalachian regions of the United States.^[1] The route passes through key intermediate cities including South Bend, Elkhart, and Waterloo in Indiana, and Toledo in Ohio, Cleveland and Alliance in Ohio, Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania, and Cumberland in Maryland, offering passengers views of urban landscapes, industrial areas, and mountainous terrain.^[1] This path follows a historic corridor originally developed by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, emphasizing connectivity between major economic hubs in the Northeast and Midwest.^[2] The train operates as a daily round-trip, with eastbound Train 30 departing Chicago at 6:40 p.m. and arriving in Washington the following afternoon at 12:45 p.m., while westbound Train 29 departs Washington at 4:05 p.m. and reaches Chicago the next morning at 10:00 a.m., as of November 2025. The one-way journey typically takes about 17.5 hours, including brief stops at stations that total around 40 minutes of dwell time to allow for passenger boarding and alighting.^[6] These timings accommodate overnight travel, with meals served during dinner and breakfast periods to enhance the long-distance experience.^[1][7] Operationally, the route utilizes a combination of rail infrastructure: east of Pittsburgh, it follows the legacy Baltimore and Ohio Railroad mainline now owned and maintained by CSX Transportation, traversing the Potomac Valley and Allegheny Mountains; west of Pittsburgh to Chicago, it employs tracks owned by Norfolk Southern Railway, including segments through northern Ohio.^[2][8] This trackage arrangement ensures efficient freight and passenger integration while preserving the route's historical alignment for much of its length.^[1]

Service Features

The Capitol Limited offers a range of accommodation classes to suit different traveler needs, including reserved coach seating and private sleeping accommodations. Coach seats provide wide, reclining chairs with ample legroom, footrests, and overhead reading lights, designed for overnight comfort on this long-distance route.^[1] Business class seating is not available on the Capitol Limited, as it is a long-distance train focused on coach and sleeper options rather than the premium seating found on shorter regional routes.^[9] Sleeping cars include Superliner roomettes, which accommodate up to two passengers with convertible seating to beds, private climate controls, and access to shared restrooms and showers; bedrooms, offering more space with two sofas by day converting to upper and lower berths, a private restroom, and wardrobe; family bedrooms, which sleep up to four with two upper and two lower berths and additional seating; and accessible bedrooms, equipped with wider doorways, lowered platforms, and grab bars for passengers with mobility needs.^[10] All sleeping accommodations include complimentary meals and priority boarding.^[1] Onboard amenities enhance the passenger experience, with a dining car serving traditional meals prepared by an onboard chef for sleeping car passengers, including options like omelets for breakfast, flatiron steak for dinner, and seasonal desserts, all included in the fare with reserved seating times.^[11] Coach passengers can purchase meals from the cafe car using flexible pricing, featuring hot entrees, sandwiches, and snacks alongside a selection of wines, beers, and non-alcoholic beverages.^[12] The train includes a sightseer lounge car serving as an observation area with panoramic windows for scenic views, accessible to all passengers, though sleeping car guests receive priority access during peak times.^[1] Wi-Fi is not available onboard the Capitol Limited, but power outlets are provided at every coach seat and in sleeping rooms for device charging.^[13] Baggage policies allow each passenger two free checked bags up to 50 pounds each and 75 linear inches in combined dimensions, with two additional bags permitted for a $20 fee per bag; oversized or overweight items incur extra charges.^[14] Carry-on limits include two personal items up to 50 pounds and 28 x 22 x 14 inches each, plus one smaller personal item such as a purse or laptop bag up to 25 pounds and 14 x 11 x 7 inches, all of which must be stored in overhead racks or under seats.^[15] Special services include connections to other Amtrak routes for seamless travel, though direct Auto Train links are not offered on this corridor. Pets are not permitted on the Capitol Limited due to its duration exceeding seven hours and restrictions on long-distance sleeping cars.^[16] Accessibility features encompass onboard ramps for boarding at select stations, accessible bedrooms with roll-in showers, and meal options in large print or braille upon request, alongside space for service animals in all areas.^[17] As of 2025, Amtrak maintains enhanced sanitation protocols post-COVID, including frequent deep cleaning of high-touch surfaces with EPA-approved disinfectants, increased ventilation, and hand sanitizer stations throughout the train.^[18] The service is trialing expanded national menu options in the dining car, incorporating more plant-based and regionally inspired dishes to align with Amtrak's sustainability initiatives.^[11]

History

Origins and Early Operations

The Amtrak Capitol Limited was launched on October 1, 1981, reviving the name of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad's (B&O) premier passenger train that had operated from May 12, 1923, to April 30, 1971, connecting Chicago to New York via Washington, D.C.^[3][19] The new service was established as part of Amtrak's efforts to expand its national network and replace recently discontinued routes, such as the Shenandoah, which had run between Washington and Chicago until September 30, 1981.^[3] Unlike its predecessor, the Amtrak version did not extend to New York, instead terminating in Washington while providing a direct overnight link between major Midwestern and East Coast cities.^[2] The initial route followed the core corridor of the original B&O service, spanning approximately 764 miles from Chicago Union Station to Washington Union Station, with key intermediate stops including Canton, Lima, Fort Wayne, Pittsburgh, Cumberland, Martinsburg, and Harpers Ferry.^[3] From Chicago to Pittsburgh, the train utilized tracks formerly owned by the Pennsylvania Railroad (later Penn Central and then Conrail), while the Pittsburgh-to-Washington segment employed the historic B&O mainline, known for its scenic passage through the Appalachians via Sand Patch Grade.^[2] Early operations involved a combination of Amtrak's Heritage Fleet cars and some Amfleet equipment, with the train initially operating as a standalone service but incorporating through cars that connected at Pittsburgh to the Broadway Limited for continued service to New York. Ridership in the train's formative years was modest, reflecting Amtrak's broader challenges in the post-deregulation era, yet it benefited from federal subsidies that supported the carrier's expansion and stabilization efforts during the early 1980s.^[20] By the mid-1980s, the Capitol Limited had established itself within Amtrak's long-distance portfolio, carrying hundreds of thousands of passengers annually and integrating seamlessly with the national network through sleeper and coach connections that facilitated travel to other routes like the Silver Meteor in Washington.^[21] This foundational setup laid the groundwork for the train's role as a vital east-west corridor, emphasizing reliability and comfort amid Amtrak's push to revive classic rail names for public appeal.^[3]

Major Changes and Expansions

In the 1990s, the Capitol Limited underwent a significant route realignment west of Pittsburgh to address infrastructure challenges posed by Conrail's planned abandonment of trackage on the former Pennsylvania Railroad's Fort Wayne Line. On November 12, 1990, the train was rerouted northward through Alliance, Ohio; Canton was discontinued as a stop, while Alliance and Cleveland were added to the itinerary, shifting the path to utilize tracks owned by Conrail (later split between Norfolk Southern and CSX). This change preserved service continuity amid freight network consolidations.^[2][3] Operational enhancements in the mid-1990s included the transition to all-Superliner equipment, which improved capacity and comfort for long-distance travel. By 1996, the train fully adopted these bi-level cars, replacing Heritage Fleet consists and enabling better accommodation of sleeper and dining services along the 764-mile route. This upgrade supported steady ridership growth, reflecting Amtrak's broader investments in fleet modernization during the decade.^[22][23] The 2000s saw minimal route alterations following the 1999 Conrail breakup, which divided its network between CSX Transportation (east of Pittsburgh) and Norfolk Southern (westward segments), but these shifts primarily affected freight coordination without disrupting the Capitol Limited's path. Ridership expanded gradually, bolstered by economic recovery and business demand between Washington, D.C., and Midwestern hubs like Chicago, reaching approximately 200,000 passengers annually by the late decade.^[24][25] In the 2010s, external events prompted temporary operational adjustments, including a full suspension during Hurricane Sandy in October 2012, when Amtrak canceled all Capitol Limited runs between Chicago and Washington due to severe weather impacts on the Northeast Corridor and connecting lines. Service resumed within days, with no permanent rerouting, but the event underscored vulnerabilities in regional infrastructure. Ridership peaked at 231,200 in fiscal year 2017, driven by connectivity improvements such as timed transfers to Acela trains at Washington Union Station, which had been available since Acela's debut in 2000 and enhanced eastbound access to New York and Boston. By fiscal year 2019, annual passengers stood at 207,300, maintaining the route's role in business and leisure travel.^[26][27][25] In November 2024, as part of the Hudson Yards East River Tunnel Rehabilitation Project, Amtrak temporarily suspended the Capitol Limited and merged it with the Silver Star to create the Floridian, providing service from Chicago to Miami via Washington, D.C. The standalone Capitol Limited resumed its daily schedule in both directions in 2025.^[5]

Through Cars and Interline Services

Through cars on the Capitol Limited refer to sleeping or coach cars that are attached at major terminals such as Chicago or Washington, D.C., and transported to the train's endpoints, enabling passengers to remain aboard without changing trains during connections. In its early Amtrak years, the Capitol Limited operated with combined service elements from the former Broadway Limited west of Pittsburgh, routing through Canton, Lima, Ohio, and Fort Wayne, Indiana, to Chicago until 1990; this arrangement effectively provided through-passenger continuity on shared segments without separate car interchanges.^[2] Occasional through sleepers to New York via the Northeast Regional were implemented starting in 1983 but discontinued by 1995, with sporadic revivals in the 2000s to enhance connectivity along the Northeast Corridor. As of 2025, through car operations remain limited, primarily involving attachments for the Auto Train at Lorton, Virginia, to accommodate vehicle transport integration near Washington, though this service emphasizes passenger-vehicle combinations rather than standard sleeper or coach extensions.^[28] Interline partnerships with VIA Rail Canada facilitate extensions to Canadian routes via Chicago, supported by a 2013 interline ticketing agreement that allows seamless booking from Capitol Limited origins to VIA destinations without separate tickets.^[29] Cars for these operations are typically switched at Chicago's 21st Street Coach Yard, where Amtrak locomotives and yard crews handle interchanges to optimize consist assembly; this process reduces passenger layovers and boosts overall train occupancy by minimizing disruptions.^[30] The prevalence of through cars and interline services has declined since the 2000s due to Amtrak's emphasis on fleet standardization with Superliner equipment and shifts in track ownership that streamlined dedicated routes over combined operations.

Route Description

Current Stations and Stops

The Capitol Limited operates daily between Chicago Union Station and Washington Union Station, serving 16 stops across Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia.^[7] The route's major stations include Chicago, South Bend, Toledo, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Cumberland, and Washington, with intermediate stops at Elkhart, Waterloo, Sandusky, Elyria, Alliance, Connellsville, Martinsburg, Harpers Ferry, and Rockville providing additional access points for regional travelers.^[1] All stations feature basic Amtrak services such as ticketing availability via app or phone, with varying levels of on-site staffing; major hubs offer staffed ticket counters, waiting areas, and restrooms, while smaller stops like Connellsville and Waterloo are unstaffed but accessible for boarding with pre-purchased tickets. The Midwest leg from Chicago to Cleveland covers approximately 340 miles over about 7 hours, traversing flat farmlands and industrial areas of Indiana and Ohio with stops facilitating connections to regional transport in university and urban centers like South Bend.^[7] The Allegheny Mountains segment between Pittsburgh and Cumberland, spanning roughly 120 miles in about 4 hours, offers scenic views of forested hills and rivers, with the route's slower speeds highlighting the rugged terrain; this portion includes brief stops at intermediate flag stations for local access.^[1] From Cumberland to Washington, the 174-mile East Coast leg takes around 3.5 hours, passing through the Potomac Valley with connections at Harpers Ferry and Rockville to MARC service and highways.^[7] No major route or station changes have occurred since 2020, maintaining the service's focus on reliable daily operations post-temporary merger adjustments, with standard service resuming by November 2025.^[1][7]

Former Stops and Route Evolutions

The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's original Capitol Limited operated from 1923 to 1971, running approximately 990 miles between New York Penn Station and Chicago via Jersey City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, D.C., Pittsburgh, and numerous intermediate stops along the B&O mainline.^[3][19] In its early years, the route emphasized scenic paths through the Alleghenies and Potomac Valley, but by the late 1960s, declining ridership and competition from airlines and highways led to service reductions, including the elimination of the New York extension in 1958, with trains terminating instead at Baltimore or Washington.^[3] The full train was discontinued on April 30, 1971, as Amtrak assumed most intercity passenger services, leaving a decade-long gap in operations on the route.^[19] Amtrak revived the Capitol Limited on October 1, 1981, but truncated the route to 764 miles between Washington, D.C., and Chicago, bypassing the Northeast Corridor segment to New York due to intense competition from high-speed services on the parallel Penn Central tracks.^[3][32] This change shortened the overall distance by about 226 miles and refocused the train on midwestern and Appalachian corridors with stronger demand, while integrating connections at Washington Union Station for northeastern travelers.^[32] Early Amtrak iterations combined the Capitol Limited with the Broadway Limited west of Pittsburgh for efficiency, sharing tracks and equipment until their separation on October 26, 1986.^[19][33] Key former stops reflect ongoing adjustments for operational efficiency and infrastructure constraints. New York Penn Station was discontinued by the B&O in 1958 amid falling patronage and superior competing services from the New York Central and Pennsylvania Railroad, shifting the eastern endpoint southward.^[3] In Pennsylvania, McKeesport served as a brief stop from March 1982 to April 1991, added to capture local commuters but removed to streamline schedules in the Pittsburgh suburbs. Indiana's Gary station operated from 1981 until its closure on April 28, 1985, due to persistently low ridership of fewer than 10 passengers per day, exemplifying Amtrak's efforts to eliminate unprofitable flag stops.^[3] Major route evolutions in Ohio and beyond were driven by freight railroad decisions and time-saving measures. From 1981 to 1990, the train followed the former Pennsylvania Railroad and B&O lines west of Pittsburgh, stopping at Canton and Lima in Ohio, as well as Fort Wayne and Valparaiso in Indiana, but these were discontinued on November 11, 1990, when Conrail announced plans to abandon underutilized trackage on its Fort Wayne Line.^[2][33] The rerouting shifted operations to Norfolk Southern's ex-Pennsylvania mainline via Alliance and Cleveland, then CSX tracks through Toledo, cutting travel time by approximately 45 minutes through higher-speed alignments and eliminating low-volume stops where daily boardings averaged under 50 passengers.^[2] Later adjustments, including post-1999 CSX-Conrail merger upgrades to signaling and track capacity on the former B&O mainline east of Pittsburgh, further optimized the route by reducing delays in the mountainous sections, though no formal Cumberland bypass was implemented despite occasional discussions in the 1980s about rockslide-prone areas.^[3] These changes prioritized reliability and passenger appeal in core markets, reducing the route's exposure to freight congestion while preserving iconic scenery.^[19]

Equipment and Rolling Stock

Locomotives

The Capitol Limited has historically been powered by various diesel locomotives since its inception under Amtrak in 1981. Initially, the train relied on EMD F40PH units, which provided 3,000 horsepower and served as the backbone of Amtrak's fleet through the 1970s and 1980s before being phased out in the late 1990s.^[34] The primary locomotives currently hauling the Capitol Limited are GE P42DC Genesis series diesel-electric units, built by General Electric starting in 1996 to replace the aging F40PH fleet. These four-axle locomotives deliver 4,250 horsepower from a 16-cylinder 7FDL engine and have a top speed capability of 110 mph, though route restrictions—such as track conditions in mountainous segments—typically limit operations to 79 mph.^[35] Amtrak originally acquired 207 P42DC units, with many remaining active in 2025 as part of the long-distance fleet, though retirements are underway.^[35] Each Capitol Limited trainset typically employs two P42DC locomotives—one leading for primary power and a second for backup reliability and to distribute weight across the route's diverse terrain. This configuration supports the train's 764-mile journey while providing head-end power for passenger cars. Fuel efficiency for these diesel-powered trainsets averages around 0.4 to 0.5 miles per gallon, influenced by load, speed, and auxiliary demands.^[2][36] Maintenance for the P42DC locomotives serving the Capitol Limited is primarily handled at Amtrak's Beech Grove Shops in Beech Grove, Indiana, the railroad's largest facility for heavy overhauls and repairs on diesel units.^[37] As of 2025, Amtrak is phasing in Siemens ALC-42 Charger locomotives on the route to improve emissions and efficiency, following successful trials that began in 2024. These Tier 4-compliant units produce 4,200 horsepower, achieve a top speed of 125 mph where permitted, and reduce nitrogen oxide emissions by over 89% compared to predecessors, aligning with federal environmental standards. The transition supports long-term sustainability for the Capitol Limited's operations.^[38]

Passenger Cars and Amenities

The Capitol Limited typically operates with a consist comprising one Viewliner baggage car, one or two Viewliner baggage-dormitory transition cars, two to three Viewliner sleeping cars, a diner or combined diner-lounge car, and three to five Amfleet II coaches.^[19][39] This configuration accommodates both sleeping car passengers seeking private accommodations and coach passengers opting for standard seating, with the baggage-dorm cars providing storage and crew quarters at the rear near the locomotives. Viewliner sleeping cars form the core of the train's overnight accommodations, featuring single-level designs suited to eastern U.S. route clearances. Roomettes measure approximately 3 feet 6 inches by 6 feet 6 inches (about 22 square feet), offering two facing seats by day that convert to an upper and lower berth at night, with shared restroom and shower access down the hall; each roomette accommodates up to two passengers.^[40][41] Bedrooms provide more space at 6 feet 6 inches by 7 feet 6 inches (roughly 45 square feet), including a private toilet, sink, and shower, a sofa and chair by day that transform into a double-lower and single-upper bed, and capacity for two to three adults.^[40] A standard Viewliner I sleeping car holds up to 44 passengers across 22 private rooms, including accessible options with wider doors and roll-in showers.^[42] Amfleet II coaches offer economy seating in a 2-by-2 configuration with reclining seats featuring adjustable headrests, footrests, and tray tables, spaced at a 39-inch pitch for comfort on the overnight journey; overhead racks provide storage for carry-ons.^[43][44] Dining amenities center on the diner car, where sleeping car passengers receive complimentary multi-course meals including breakfast options like omelets and dinners such as steak or pasta, priced at $20–$45 for coach passengers; reservations ensure table service with panoramic views.^[11][45] The lounge car, often combined with the diner in recent consists, features swivel chairs, booths, and large windows ideal for observing the Allegheny Mountains' scenery, serving as a social space with café-style snacks available for purchase.^[46][47] As of 2025, Amtrak is transitioning the Capitol Limited's sleeping cars to the fully accessible Viewliner II fleet, with all units expected to be in service by 2026; these upgrades include improved HVAC systems, LED lighting, and enhanced accessibility features like wheelchair-lift restrooms.^[48][49]

Operations and Impact

Ridership and Economic Role

The Capitol Limited experienced a pre-COVID peak ridership of 209,578 passengers in fiscal year (FY) 2019.^[25] The COVID-19 pandemic led to a sharp decline, with ridership falling to 96,885 in FY 2021.^[50] Recovery has been steady, reaching 126,309 passengers in FY 2023 and climbing 29.2% to 163,136 in FY 2024.^[51] In FY 2025, service was temporarily suspended from November 2024 to October 2025 due to the Hudson Yards East River Tunnel Rehabilitation Project, with operations merged into the Floridian route; as a result, Capitol Limited ridership totaled approximately 18,500 through September 2025.^[52] The train resumed its standard daily schedule in both directions in November 2025.^[5] Ridership trends highlight the route's role in both business and leisure travel, with the Washington, D.C.-Chicago corridor comprising the top city pair.^[27] Post-2023 leisure demand has surged, driven by Amtrak's marketing campaigns emphasizing scenic routes and sustainable options, contributing to an 8% overall increase in long-distance ridership nationwide.^[53] Economically, the Capitol Limited bolsters regional tourism and hospitality. Amtrak's total procurement from vendors in Pennsylvania exceeded $516 million in FY 2024, while in Ohio it exceeded $39 million, supporting supply chain growth across all services in those states.^[54][55] Coordination with host railroad CSX enhances freight efficiency, as Amtrak's access payments contribute to CSX's operational revenue on shared tracks.^[54] Federal funding for Amtrak's National Network, which includes the Capitol Limited, totaled a requested $2.42 billion in FY 2025, enabling infrastructure upgrades and service reliability.^[56] This investment yields returns through reduced highway congestion, as the route diverts traffic from interstates. The service also advances sustainability goals; per Amtrak's FY 2023 report, it reduces GHG emissions by up to 83% per passenger compared to driving.^[57]

Incidents and Safety Record

The Capitol Limited has maintained a strong safety record since its inception in 1981, with no fatalities among its passengers or crew, unlike some predecessor trains on similar routes that experienced deadly collisions in the mid-20th century.^[58] Amtrak's overall passenger fatality rate stands at approximately 0.43 per billion passenger-miles, significantly lower than other modes of transportation such as automobiles at 7.3 per billion passenger-miles.^[59] Notable incidents include a derailment on July 29, 2002, near Kensington, Maryland, where the westbound Train No. 30 encountered buckled track due to inadequate surfacing and maintenance by CSX Transportation, causing all 15 cars and the locomotive to derail at about 63 mph.^[60] The accident resulted in 95 injuries—14 serious and 81 minor—with no fatalities; the National Transportation Safety Board cited contributing factors such as improper slow-order coding and insufficient ballast tamping.^[60] In October 2012, service on the Capitol Limited was suspended for several days due to Hurricane Sandy, which brought severe flooding and high winds to the Northeast Corridor and connecting routes, but no crashes or injuries occurred as a result.^[26] More recently, on February 12, 2024, a CSX freight train derailment in Morgan County, West Virginia, involving nine cars (four carrying sodium hydroxide), blocked the shared track and led to the cancellation of multiple Capitol Limited runs, causing delays of up to several hours but no injuries.^[61] Safety measures on the route include full implementation of Positive Train Control (PTC) by December 2018, a technology that prevents collisions, overspeed derailments, and incursions into work zones across Amtrak's network, including the Capitol Limited's path on CSX and Baltimore & Ohio tracks.^[62] Amtrak mandates comprehensive crew training programs, covering emergency response, track safety, and operational protocols, to enhance onboard security and reduce human error.^[63] In fiscal year 2025, Amtrak began upgrades to collision avoidance systems, including the Limits Compliance and Collision Avoidance System (LCCAS) for better enforcement of speed restrictions and worker protection.^[64] The train's on-time performance in fiscal year 2024 averaged 72% system-wide for Amtrak, though long-distance routes like the Capitol Limited were impacted by freight traffic delays on shared tracks, falling below the 80% federal target in some quarters.