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Carthage, Texas
Carthage, Texas
Carthage, Texas
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Carthage is a city in and the county seat of Panola County, Texas, United States.[4] The city is situated in deep East Texas, 20 miles west of the Louisiana state line. Its population was 6,569 at the 2020 census.

Key Information

History

[edit]
Carthage welcome sign

Carthage was founded in 1847, two years after Texas was admitted to the United States. During the Civil War, men from Carthage and Panola County served as Confederate soldiers. African-American resident Milton M. Holland, formerly enslaved, served as a Union sergeant and earned a Medal of Honor.[5]

Carthage, Texas was established in 1834, and became the county seat. The Harris family were early settlers, and named the town after their former home of Carthage, Tennessee. When Carthage, Texas established in 1848, it was named after Carthage, Mississippi.[6]

After the Civil War, population growth was slow, but large amounts of cotton, corn, sweet potatoes, oats, and sugarcane were produced in the county. The city began to expand in 1888 when a railroad reached Carthage, along with telegraph and telephone lines.[7]

During the Great Depression, a gas field was discovered near Carthage. After World War II, this gas field was developed and proved to be the largest in the United States. The city flourished, with the population increasing from about 1,300 to 5,000. During this period, a courthouse and a high school were built. In 1947 Panola County Junior College was established in Carthage and founded KGAS-AM 1590 which began broadcasting in 1955.

As a result of 19.6% population growth between 1970 and 1980, documented by U.S. Decennial Census; Panola General Hospital was established in 1997. Today the ETMC Carthage operates a 24-hour emergency department which is designated a Level IV trauma center by the state of Texas.[8]

On August 22, 1998 the Tex Ritter Museum in Carthage was the site for the grand opening of the Texas Country Music Hall of Fame, honoring those who have made outstanding contributions to country music and born in the state of Texas.

On September 16, 1998 KGAS-FM began broadcasting a country music format in Carthage, and was featured in "Bernie", the 2011 American biographical black comedy crime film directed by Richard Linklater.

1996 murder of Marjorie Nugent

[edit]
Central Baptist Church in downtown Carthage

After losing her husband, widow Marjorie Nugent, an 81-year-old resident of Carthage, became friends with Bernie Tiede, the assistant funeral director in town. In late 1996, townspeople did not see her, but thought perhaps she had moved to join her out-of-town family. When the family could not reach her, they filed a missing-person's report. Nine months after her death, her friend and companion, 39-year-old Bernie Tiede, was brought in for questioning by police and confessed to killing her. He claimed she had emotionally abused him.[9][10]

He shot her four times in the back with a .22 rifle in November 1996. A mortician, he cleaned her body and placed it in a freezer in her house, where it was not discovered until 1997. Tiede continued his community activities for several months after her death. He was convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to life in prison. After a habeas corpus challenge, he was paroled on a $10,000 bond in 2014, but in 2016, Tiede had a resentencing hearing, and was sentenced to 99 years to life.[9][10]

Panola County District Attorney Danny Buck Davidson said initially that few in the community questioned no longer seeing the elderly woman. He said, "That's what you do when you're a con guy and you move in. He had her cut all ties, so ultimately the only person she had to rely on was him. Mrs. Nugent was a human being. She didn't deserve her fate at the hands of Bernie." Tiede apparently killed the wealthy woman to get control of her money, spending an estimated $3 million of Nugent's $10 million. Davidson said Tiede used some of it for philanthropy: "He sent people to college. He donated to musicals, plays and bought instruments at the college. That was all done with Mrs. Nugent's money. After she was in the freezer, he really jumped out there as a benefactor."[9]

Geography

[edit]

According to the United States Census Bureau, Carthage has a total area of 10.5 square miles (27 km2), of which 10.5 square miles (27 km2) are land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) (0.4%) is covered by water.

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen climate classification, Carthage has a humid subtropical climate, Cfa on climate maps.[11]

Climate data for Carthage, Texas (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 84
(29) 		90
(32) 		92
(33) 		93
(34) 		98
(37) 		103
(39) 		106
(41) 		108
(42) 		109
(43) 		95
(35) 		88
(31) 		85
(29) 		109
(43)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 56.8
(13.8) 		61.4
(16.3) 		68.8
(20.4) 		76.0
(24.4) 		82.8
(28.2) 		89.3
(31.8) 		92.4
(33.6) 		93.1
(33.9) 		87.4
(30.8) 		78.0
(25.6) 		66.6
(19.2) 		58.9
(14.9) 		76.0
(24.4)
Daily mean °F (°C) 46.5
(8.1) 		50.4
(10.2) 		57.5
(14.2) 		64.7
(18.2) 		72.8
(22.7) 		79.8
(26.6) 		82.8
(28.2) 		82.8
(28.2) 		76.7
(24.8) 		66.3
(19.1) 		55.6
(13.1) 		48.5
(9.2) 		65.4
(18.6)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 36.1
(2.3) 		39.5
(4.2) 		46.3
(7.9) 		53.5
(11.9) 		62.8
(17.1) 		70.3
(21.3) 		73.2
(22.9) 		72.5
(22.5) 		66.0
(18.9) 		54.5
(12.5) 		44.5
(6.9) 		38.2
(3.4) 		54.8
(12.7)
Record low °F (°C) 5
(−15) 		4
(−16) 		18
(−8) 		28
(−2) 		39
(4) 		45
(7) 		55
(13) 		50
(10) 		38
(3) 		26
(−3) 		12
(−11) 		1
(−17) 		1
(−17)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 4.66
(118) 		4.23
(107) 		4.92
(125) 		4.72
(120) 		4.35
(110) 		4.04
(103) 		3.64
(92) 		3.44
(87) 		3.67
(93) 		4.54
(115) 		4.44
(113) 		5.63
(143) 		52.28
(1,328)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 0.3
(0.76) 		0.4
(1.0) 		0.1
(0.25) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.8
(2.0)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 8.5 8.3 8.3 6.3 7.4 7.5 5.4 5.7 5.8 6.0 7.3 8.9 85.4
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4
Source: NOAA[12][13]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1880290—
189055491.0%
19201,366—
19301,65120.9%
19402,17831.9%
19504,750118.1%
19605,26210.8%
19705,3922.5%
19806,44719.6%
19906,4960.8%
20006,6642.6%
20106,7791.7%
20206,569−3.1%
U.S. Decennial Census[14]
Carthage racial composition as of 2020[15]
(NH = Non-Hispanic)[a]
Race Number Percentage
White (NH) 3,990 60.74%
Black or African American (NH) 1,271 19.35%
Native American or Alaska Native (NH) 22 0.33%
Asian (NH) 57 0.87%
Pacific Islander (NH) 2 0.03%
Some Other Race (NH) 9 0.14%
Mixed/Multi-Racial (NH) 208 3.17%
Hispanic or Latino 1,010 15.38%
Total 6,569

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 6,569 people, 2,550 households, and 1,739 families residing in the city.

As of the census[3] of 2010, 6,779 people, 2,628 households, and 1,745 families resided in the city. The population density was 645.6 people per mi2 (249.2/km2). The 2,909 housing units averaged 277.0 per mi2 (106.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 69.5% White, 21.1% African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 6.5% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 11.0% of the population.

Of the 2,628 households, 29.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.6% were married couples living together, 16.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.6% were not families. About 30.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.04.

In the city, the age distribution was 24.6% under 18, 11.2% from 18 to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 24.1% from 45 to 64, and 16.3% who were 65 or older. The median age was 35.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.8 males.

As of the 2000 Census, the median income for a household in the city was $31,822, and for a family was $37,031. Males had a median income of $33,080 versus $21,473 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,332. About 11.8% of families and 13.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.2% of those under age 18 and 12.9% of those age 65 or over.

Culture and arts

[edit]
Texas Country Music Hall of Fame

The Texas Country Music Hall of Fame is located in Carthage, which also houses the Tex Ritter Museum. The Jim Reeves Memorial is located on the outskirts of Carthage, east on U.S. 79. Reeves and Ritter were from the nearby unincorporated communities of Galloway and Murvaul, respectively.

Education

[edit]

The City of Carthage is entirely within the Carthage Independent School District.[17]

The city also has the two-year community college of Panola College located adjacent Carthage City Hall.

All of Panola County is in the service area of Panola College.[18]

Media

[edit]

Carthage is served by two local radio stations: KGAS 1590 AM and KGAS 104.3 FM, and by a local newspaper, The Panola Watchman. The nearest media market of notable size is in nearby Shreveport, Louisiana.

Transportation

[edit]

Roads

[edit]

U.S Highways

[edit]
  • US 59 (Southeast and Northeast Loop), runs north to south through Carthage. To the north, US Highway 59 goes through Marshall. To the south, US Highway 59 goes through Tenaha.
  • US 79, runs east to west through Carthage. To the east, US Highway 79 goes through DeBerry and to the west the highway goes through Henderson.[19]

State Highways

[edit]
  • SH 149, runs around the west side of Carthage. To the north, Texas State Highway 149 runs through Beckville and to Longview.
  • SH 315, runs northeast to southwest through Carthage. To the southwest, Texas State Highway 315 runs Clayton to Mount Enterprise.[19]
  • Loop 436, runs around the west side of Carthage and goes parallel to part of State Highway 149. Goes from US 59 just north of Carthage to US 59 just south of Carthage.[20]

Farm to Market Roads

[edit]
  • FM 699, runs south to north to Carthage. To the south, Farm to Market Road 699 goes through Old Center.
  • FM 10, runs south to north to Carthage. To the south, Farm to Market Road 10 goes through Gary City.[19]

Notable people

[edit]
[edit]
  • The Esquire Theater in Carthage hosts Country music on Saturday evenings.
    The Esquire Theater in Carthage hosts Country music on Saturday evenings.
  • First State Bank and Trust Company in downtown Carthage
    First State Bank and Trust Company in downtown Carthage
  • Anderson Park is located in the center of downtown Carthage.
    Anderson Park is located in the center of downtown Carthage.
  • Historical marker commemorating Colored Town, a black business section that had its prime from 1940 to 1965, from East Panola to Live Oak streets
    Historical marker commemorating Colored Town, a black business section that had its prime from 1940 to 1965, from East Panola to Live Oak streets

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Carthage, Texas

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Carthage is a city and the county seat of Panola County in eastern Texas, United States. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 6,569. Located approximately 20 miles west of the Louisiana state line, the city covers about 5 square miles and serves as a regional hub for agriculture, oil and gas production, and commerce in the Piney Woods region. Founded in 1847 shortly after the establishment of Panola County, Carthage originated as a settlement centered around a simple log courthouse, with early economic activity driven by timber and farming before the discovery of oil in the 1930s spurred significant population and industrial growth. Incorporated as a in 1948, the city has maintained a small-town character while developing infrastructure supported by its energy sector and local businesses. Notable cultural landmarks include the Texas Country Music Hall of Fame and Tex Ritter Museum, which celebrate the contributions of Texas-born artists such as and to the genre, drawing visitors to its exhibits in a dedicated 13,000-square-foot facility opened in 2002. Designated as a Main Street City, features preserved historic structures like the Hawthorn-Clabaugh-Patterson House and promotes revitalization through community events and focused on its heritage in country music and history. The local economy remains anchored in petroleum extraction and related industries, alongside education from institutions like Panola College and retail services, reflecting steady but modest growth with a 2025 projected population of around 6,631.

History

Founding and early settlement

The area encompassing present-day Panola County was initially inhabited by Native American tribes, who were displaced by advancing European-American settlers in the early 19th century. The earliest documented white settlement occurred in 1833, when Daniel Martin from Missouri established a fort and west of modern Beckville near Martin's Creek, along Trammel's Trace, a key early route into . Additional settlements followed, including Rev. Isaac Reed's group near present Clayton in 1835, after acquiring land titles under Mexican colonization laws, and the LaGrone family's community east of the Sabine River in 1837. By 1840, at least 49 families resided in the region, primarily migrants from , , , and , with tax records indicating 574 enslaved individuals by 1846, reflecting the agrarian, slave-based economy of antebellum . Panola County was formally organized on March 30, 1846, carved from portions of Shelby and Harrison counties, with the name derived from a word meaning "cotton thread," alluding to local vegetation and soils suited for agriculture. Initially, Pulaski served as the temporary , but dissatisfaction with its location prompted commissioners in 1848 to designate a new site near the county's geographic center as the permanent seat, later named . Jonathan Anderson donated 100 acres for the townsite, facilitating its establishment. Spearman Holland, a local settler known as "Major" Holland, named the community Carthage in honor of his hometown in Leake County, Mississippi. A United States post office opened there in July 1849, with William Powers as the first postmaster. The inaugural courthouse, constructed from peeled pine logs and financed by town lot sales, was completed in August 1849; it was replaced by a brick structure in 1853 to accommodate growing administrative needs. Early infrastructure emphasized utility for a frontier county seat, supporting a population engaged in farming, timber, and nascent commerce amid the dense piney woods environment.

Civil War and Reconstruction era

Panola County, of which Carthage served as the seat, supported the Confederate war effort through agricultural production and . The county fielded at least one of soldiers for the Confederate army, drawn from local residents engaged primarily in cotton farming on plantations reliant on enslaved labor. By 1860, the area encompassed 585 farms across 237,000 acres, yielding 8,272 bales of cotton and sustaining a slave population that had grown to over 3,000, reflecting the economic dependence on forced labor amid wartime disruptions. Late in the conflict, Union forces under General invaded portions of , including the vicinity of , where troops foraged for food and supplies to sustain their operations following the . This incursion, occurring in mid-1864, imposed hardships on local civilians but did not result in sustained occupation or major engagements in the immediate area. One notable figure from Panola County near was Milton M. Holland, born enslaved in 1844, who escaped to , enlisted in the Union Army in 1863, and rose to of the 5th Colored Cavalry; he received the in 1864 for gallantry at the after assuming command when white officers were killed. During Reconstruction, Panola County's economy transitioned with the of slaves, who largely became tenant farmers and sharecroppers on former plantations, sustaining as the dominant crop. The number of farms rose to 911 by 1870 amid a population of 10,119, expanding further to 1,670 farms and 21,424 residents by 1880, with output reaching 10,344 bales on 28,500 acres; emerging milling supplemented agriculture. Texas conservatives, including those in counties like Panola, regained political control by 1873, resisting Radical Republican policies and restoring pre-war social hierarchies through measures such as Black Codes and Democratic mobilization. Local commemoration in Panola County has historically emphasized Confederate heritage over Union contributions, such as Holland's service.

Economic development and the oil boom

The economy of Carthage and Panola County initially centered on agriculture and timber, with cotton farming and providing primary livelihoods in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These sectors supported modest growth following the town's founding in , but limited diversification persisted until energy resources were tapped. Oil discovery in Panola County occurred in 1917 with the drilling of initial wells yielding modest commercial quantities, primarily from the Blossom Formation, though production remained limited through the 1920s and 1930s. followed in 1936 with the Gas Field's identification in the Cotton Valley and Bossier formations, marking the onset of a regional energy shift amid the broader oil developments. Significant escalation came during , as production ramped up from 1944 onward, driven by wartime demand and improved extraction technologies; by then, multiple fields contributed to Panola's output, including oil from the Pettit and Travis Peak formations. This oil and gas boom catalyzed economic transformation, introducing pipelines, refineries, and service industries that employed thousands and funded infrastructure like roads and schools. The Carthage Gas Field alone has sustained long-term production, yielding substantial volumes—approaching 200 billion cubic feet annually by the early —while the Blossom Sand has cumulatively produced 26 billion cubic feet of gas with minor oil since 1918. Population and business growth followed, with oil-related revenues bolstering local banks and commerce; Panola County's energy sector overtook agriculture as the dominant economic driver by the mid-20th century. Later plays, including the Haynesville and Bossier formations, amplified this legacy from the , generating 20 times the in support services compared to national averages and reinforcing Carthage's identity as an energy hub.

20th and 21st century growth

In the early 20th century, Carthage experienced accelerated growth following the discovery of in Panola County in 1917, which stimulated the local economy alongside established lumbering operations. Population increased from 1,366 in 1920 to 1,651 by 1930, reflecting influxes tied to resource extraction and processing. By the 1940s, the population reached 2,178, supported by wartime demands for timber and products. Mid-century expansion continued with diversification into plants and , pushing the beyond 5,000 by the and to 6,477 by 1980. Infrastructure developments, including a and downtown renovations, accompanied this phase, alongside facilities like a cup company and a chicken-processing plant. The 1990 and 2000 es recorded 6,496 and 6,664 residents, respectively, indicating stabilization after decades of steady ascent driven by energy and industrial sectors. Into the 21st century, the play, encompassing , generated economic activity through advanced drilling technologies and high commodity prices, positioning the area as a major producer and employing thousands in related services. Despite this, trends reversed amid broader rural depopulation, declining from a 2010 peak of 6,779 to 6,569 by 2020, with Panola County losing approximately 1,300 residents over the decade. Local efforts, such as joining the Texas program in 2001 for downtown revitalization and ongoing business recruitment, aimed to broaden the tax base and counter stagnation. Recent projections show minimal annual growth of about 0.23%, with initiatives focusing on retaining energy jobs and attracting remote workers post-pandemic. On November 19, 1996, Bernhardt Tiede II, a 39-year-old employed at the Hawthorn Funeral Home in , fatally shot Marjorie Nugent, an 81-year-old widow, four times in the back with a .22-caliber inside her residence. Tiede had developed a close companionship with Nugent following the 1990 of her , Rod Nugent, after which she bestowed upon him over her finances, estimated at several million dollars derived from oil and investments. Following the shooting, Tiede wrapped Nugent's body in a sheet, stored it in a freezer in his home, and continued accessing her accounts, transferring approximately $3.8 million to his own or for expenditures including trips and gifts, while impersonating her in communications to family and associates to conceal her absence. The body remained undiscovered for nearly nine months until August 1997, when Panola County Deputy Danny Buck Davidson pursued a investigation prompted by Nugent's son, leading Tiede to confess to the killing during interrogation. In February 1999, a Panola County jury convicted Tiede of first-degree murder after a in which prosecutors emphasized his financial exploitation of Nugent, while the defense highlighted Tiede's reputation as a community benefactor and introduced expert testimony on psychological factors. Tiede received a life sentence, with eligibility for after 40 years. In 2014, following a petition supported by newly disclosed psychiatric evaluation claiming Tiede suffered from repressed memories of childhood triggered by Nugent's alleged —leading to a state at the time of the murder—the remanded for resentencing, resulting in Tiede's release on time served and probation. Prosecutors contested the psychological claims, arguing of premeditation and motive through Nugent's financial records, and in a 2016 punishment-phase retrial, a imposed a 99-year or life sentence, rejecting the defense's narrative of abuse-induced impulse. Appeals, including a 2017 by the Texas Court of Appeals, upheld the resentencing, with Tiede's eligibility deferred to 2029; Nugent's family maintained the killing stemmed from calculated greed rather than trauma.

Geography

Location and physical features

Carthage is located in Panola County, in northeastern , , serving as the . Positioned approximately 20 miles west of the Louisiana border and 42 miles west of , the city lies near the center of the county at roughly 32°10′ N and 94°20′ W . It sits at the intersection of U.S. Highways 59 and 79, on high, well-drained ground about one mile west of the county's geographic center. The city encompasses a land area of 10.5 square miles, with negligible water coverage. The terrain in and around Carthage features gently rolling plains interspersed with small hills, typical of the Piney Woods ecoregion. Elevations range from approximately 289 to 312 feet above , averaging around 300 feet. The landscape is dissected by stream corridors and supports dense timberlands dominated by shortleaf and loblolly pines, alongside oaks, hickories, elms, and other hardwoods. Soils consist primarily of sandy loams overlying clay subsoils, which facilitate drainage and underpin the region's historical and ongoing timber industry. Panola County, encompassing 842 square miles, is traversed diagonally by the Sabine River from northwest to southeast, which forms its eastern boundary with . This river, along with tributaries and nearby reservoirs such as Murvaul Lake and Toledo Bend, contributes to the area's hydrological features, including lakes like Hendrick's Lake and Clear Lake. The forested environment and rolling topography reflect the broader characteristics of the Timberlands, with significant acreage dedicated to commercial forestry.

Climate and environmental factors

Carthage experiences a (Köppen Cfa), characterized by hot, humid summers and mild, wet winters. Average annual temperatures range from a high of 76°F to a low of 55°F, with extremes typically varying between 39°F in winter and 94°F in summer. Annual averages 51.33 inches, distributed fairly evenly throughout the year but peaking in spring and fall, contributing to lush vegetation in the surrounding region.
MonthAvg High (°F)Avg Low (°F)Precipitation (in)
Jan58374.6
Feb63414.0
Mar71484.0
Apr78553.7
May85644.9
Jun91704.4
Jul94723.3
Aug94722.7
Sep88664.1
Oct79563.9
Nov69474.7
Dec60394.6
Data derived from long-term observations at local weather stations. Environmental factors include moderate risks from severe weather, particularly tornadoes, due to the area's position in the East Texas storm corridor. Panola County records a moderate storm event risk score of 38.89%, with historical vulnerability to tornadoes and occasional flooding from heavy rainfall. Approximately 14.8% of properties in the county face flooding risk over the next 30 years, influenced by the region's flat terrain and proximity to waterways like the Sabine River watershed. The underlying Carthage Gas Field, one of the world's largest natural gas deposits, has shaped local hydrology and land use, prompting groundwater conservation efforts to mitigate drawdown and contamination from extraction activities. Seismic activity remains low, with only one recorded earthquake of magnitude 3.5 or greater in the vicinity historically.

Demographics

The population of Carthage experienced significant growth during the mid-20th century, driven by economic factors including the local oil industry, before stabilizing and showing modest fluctuations in later decades. Decennial U.S. data indicate a near-doubling from 1940 to 1950, followed by incremental increases through 2000, with the city reaching 6,664 residents that year. Subsequent recorded a slight peak in 2010 at 6,779, after which the population declined to 6,569 by 2020, reflecting broader rural depopulation trends in amid outmigration and aging demographics. Recent estimates place the 2023 population at approximately 6,568, with annual growth rates hovering around 0.3% as of 2024, potentially influenced by return migration during the . The following table summarizes key decennial census populations for Carthage:
Census YearPopulation
19201,366
19301,651
19402,178
19504,750
19605,262
19705,392
19806,447
19906,496
20006,664
20106,779
20206,569
These figures represent incorporated and exclude unincorporated areas in , where overall has similarly plateaued, with estimates around 22,491 in 2020. Growth rates slowed post-1970, averaging under 1% per decade, consistent with limited industrial diversification beyond energy sectors.

Ethnic, racial, and socioeconomic composition

The ethnic and racial composition of Carthage reflects a majority White non-Hispanic population with notable Black and Hispanic minorities. According to data from the , approximately 69.3% of residents identify as (non-Hispanic), 10.8% as or African American, and 14.8% as or Latino of any race, with smaller shares for Asian (around 1%), Native American, and multiracial groups. Historically, the city featured a distinct Black business district known as Colored Town, active primarily from 1940 to 1965, indicating a longstanding African American presence. Socioeconomically, Carthage exhibits lower-than-average indicators compared to state and national benchmarks. The median household income stood at $44,738 in 2022, reflecting modest economic conditions tied to local industries like and . The poverty rate was 12.0% in recent estimates, affecting a notable portion of the . Educational attainment levels are below national averages, with 82.2% of adults aged 25 and older having completed high school or equivalent, and 17.0% holding a or higher. Among those 25 and over, roughly 18% lack a high school diploma, 26% have only a , 39% have some college experience, 12% hold a , and 5% have . These figures underscore a with practical skills suited to its economic base but limited advanced degree attainment.

Economy

Primary industries and historical shifts

Upon its establishment in the mid-19th century, Carthage's economy centered on agriculture, particularly cotton production, supplemented by timber harvesting in the surrounding Piney Woods. By 1880, Panola County, where Carthage serves as county seat, devoted 28,500 acres to cotton, yielding 10,344 bales that year, reflecting the crop's dominance in local farming. Logging operations expanded post-Civil War, leveraging the region's vast pine forests for lumber, which supported construction and export via emerging railroads through the 1920s. These industries provided the initial economic foundation, with cotton and timber remaining central until the early 20th century. A pivotal shift occurred with the advent of the oil and gas sector, beginning with early discoveries in Panola County in 1917 and accelerating amid the broader oil boom of the 1930s. The Carthage gas field, discovered in 1936, marked a key development, producing from sandstone formations and contributing to regional prosperity during the by generating employment and infrastructure investment. Cotton acreage peaked at around 57,000 acres by 1900 but began declining post-World War II as oil and gas extraction supplanted agriculture and depleted timber resources, with logging yields diminishing after the virgin forests were largely harvested by the early 1900s. This transition diversified the local economy, with hydrocarbons becoming the primary driver. The late 20th and early 21st centuries saw further evolution through advanced drilling in formations like the Cotton Valley (developed from the 1980s) and the boom starting around 2008, emphasizing over oil. Today, oil and gas remain the cornerstone industries, tapping Panola County's reserves and supporting related services, though they have not fully offset broader rural economic pressures.

Current economic challenges and initiatives

Panola County, encompassing Carthage, reported an unemployment rate of 4.9% in November 2024, exceeding the national average of 4.0% and reflecting persistent labor market pressures in rural East Texas amid fluctuating energy sector demands. Employment in the county edged downward by 0.104% from 2022 to 2023, stabilizing at approximately 9,610 workers, with mining, quarrying, and oil/gas extraction comprising a dominant share of jobs vulnerable to commodity price volatility. These trends underscore challenges in workforce retention and diversification, as youth migration to urban centers for broader opportunities contributes to an aging demographic and strained local services. To counter these issues, the Carthage Economic Development Corporation (CEDC) focuses on promoting business retention, recruitment, and infrastructure enhancements to broaden the tax base beyond energy reliance. Complementing this, the Carthage Main Street Program implements a four-point revitalization strategy—organization, , promotion, and economic restructuring—to foster downtown business growth and community pride through targeted events and facade improvements. In September 2025, Carthage hosted the Governor's Summit, connecting local entrepreneurs with state resources for financing, contracting, and expansion amid Texas's robust overall of 6.8% GDP growth in Q2 2025. These efforts, supported by the Carthage Improvement Corporation's incentives for diversification, aim to leverage the region's oil and gas boom—described locally as fueling population and activity surges—while mitigating sector-specific downturns.

Government and administration

Municipal government structure

Carthage, , employs a commission form of municipal government, adopted in 1913 and codified under Local Government Code § 26.021, which vests all city powers in the commission. This structure combines legislative and executive functions within the commission, distinguishing it from mayor-council or council-manager systems prevalent in larger municipalities, and includes an appointed for administrative operations. The commission consists of a elected and four commissioners representing designated places, all serving two-year terms without compensation. Elections are staggered: Places 1 and 2 occur in odd-numbered years, while Places 3, 4, and the mayoral position are filled in even-numbered years, with terms commencing the first Monday following certification of results. To qualify, candidates must be registered voters and owners residing in the city, must not hold other public offices or have been city employees within the prior two years, and must not be indebted to the municipality. Vacancies are filled by majority vote of the remaining commissioners, or by special election if three or more occur concurrently. The presides over meetings, represents the city in ceremonial capacities, and holds a vote on all commission matters without veto authority. The commission selects a from its members to assume these duties during the mayor's absence or incapacity. Collectively, the commission enacts ordinances—requiring at least one reading and public notice, or immediate effect in emergencies—oversees budgets, appoints the , and directs policy. Administrative functions are delegated to a professional , appointed by the commission, who manages daily operations, supervises departments such as and , and implements commission directives without direct policy-making power. As a , possesses broad authority to tailor its governance via charter amendments approved by voters, subject to state law constraints. Regular commission meetings convene on the second and fourth Mondays monthly at 5:00 p.m. in City Hall, with provisions for special sessions upon notice.

Law enforcement and public safety

The Carthage Police Department serves as the primary for the city, handling emergency calls through 911 and non-emergency matters via (903) 693-3866. In October 2025, the department relocated to a new standalone facility at 453 W Sabine Street to enhance security features and accommodate expanded operations. County-wide policing falls under the Panola County Sheriff's Office, led by Cutter Clinton since his election, with approximately 24 deputies serving a population of 22,756 residents. The office operates from 314 W Wellington Street and includes the Panola County Detention Center at 319 W Wellington Street for inmate housing and processing. Fire protection is managed by the Carthage Fire Department, a combination of paid and volunteer personnel based at 321 W Panola Street, providing suppression, prevention, and response services with non-emergency contact at (903) 693-5282. are delivered by UT Health EMS, which offers subscription-based coverage for residents at $50 annually to offset non-insured transport costs. data indicate a total rate of 3,964.6 incidents per 100,000 residents in 2023, exceeding the national average by 70%, with property crimes comprising the majority. Earlier figures from 2018 showed a rate of 396.64 per 100,000, reflecting a decline from prior years.

Education

Carthage Independent School District

The Carthage (CISD) is a public school district based in Carthage, Texas, providing from pre-kindergarten through grade 12 to students primarily in Panola County. It operates five campuses: Carthage Primary School (pre-K to grade 1), Libby Elementary School (grades 2–3), Baker-Koonce Intermediate School (grades 4–6), Carthage Junior High School (grades 7–8), and Carthage High School (grades 9–12). The district's mascot is the Bulldogs, and it emphasizes academic growth alongside extracurricular programs in athletics, fine arts, and career-technical . In the 2023–2024 school year, CISD enrolled 2,593 , with a student-teacher ratio of 13.6 to 1. Student demographics reflected the local , with 55.5% identifying as , 20.3% as African American, 20.1% as , 3.3% as two or more races, 0.5% as Asian, 0.2% as American Indian, and 0.1% as ; 57.5% were economically disadvantaged, and 40.6% were classified as at risk of . The district maintained a four-year high school graduation rate of 92.5% and a grades 9–12 dropout rate of 1.3%. CISD received an overall B accountability rating from the (TEA) for the 2023–24 school year, reflecting scaled scores across student achievement, school progress, and closing performance gaps domains. However, in its 2024 Financial Integrity Rating System of Texas (FIRST) evaluation, the district scored 64, earning an F grade for substandard financial achievement due to factors including debt service management and fiscal stress indicators. Superintendent Jarrod Bitter oversees district operations, focusing on instructional improvements and community partnerships.

Notable educational policies and events

In July 2025, the ISD Board of Trustees adopted updates to the student handbook incorporating House Bill 1481, a state law prohibiting students from possessing or using cell phones, tablets, or other electronic communication devices during instructional time unless authorized for educational or medical purposes. Bill 10, enacted in 2023 and effective for the 2024-2025 school year, mandates the display of the Ten Commandments in every of schools, including those in ISD, accompanied by a specified statement on its historical role in American education. In October 2025, Carthage High School's director of bands, Michael Cotton, resigned after refusing to post the Ten Commandments in his classroom, citing personal opposition to the requirement; the district characterized the departure as for personal reasons and appointed an interim replacement. A 2018 federal lawsuit under alleged that Carthage ISD failed to adequately discipline a high school who recorded and shared a nude video of a female student with teammates and an assistant coach, claiming the district's response exacerbated ; failed, but the case was dismissed by a federal court in 2019 for insufficient evidence of deliberate indifference. In February 2025, Carthage High School assistant football coach was identified by the as part of an ongoing investigation into a statewide scheme involving over 60 educators accused of cheating on certification exams or related irregularities. In June 2019, former Carthage ISD teacher Lauren Nolan, aged 25, was indicted by a Panola grand on a charge of improper relationship between educator and student, stemming from an alleged sexual contact with a 17-year-old male student.

Culture and community

Arts, music, and local traditions

The Hall of Fame, established in 1998 and opened to the public in August 2002, serves as a primary cultural institution in dedicated to honoring Texans' contributions to , housed in a $2.5 million facility that has attracted over 30,000 visitors since inception. It features exhibits, inductee memorabilia, and events such as the annual Classic Country Music Festival and the Tribute Showcase, which in 2025 included 30 finalist performers from across held at the Carthage Civic Center. These gatherings, including the KGAS Country Music Showdown at the RoundUp, underscore the town's emphasis on preserving and promoting country music heritage. The Esquire Theater, constructed in 1949 and located in downtown Carthage, hosts the Country Music Hayride on Saturday evenings, featuring live performances that maintain local traditions. This venue contributes to the community's ongoing engagement with classic and contemporary country acts, often tying into broader events like matinee shows during the Hall of Fame festival. Carthage's arts scene includes the Main Street Arts Walk of Fame, a downtown tradition recognizing local achievements in music, visual arts, theater, and literature through nominations and inductions of Panola County talents. This initiative highlights individual contributions, such as those from musicians and artists, fostering community pride in regional creative endeavors without broader festival integrations noted in primary sources. Local traditions center on country music preservation, exemplified by memorials to figures like Jim Reeves, a native son and country star, though specific recurring non-music customs remain undocumented in verifiable records beyond these institutions.

Community institutions and events


Carthage maintains active civic organizations that promote local involvement and service. The Kiwanis Club holds meetings every Tuesday at noon at Rancho Grande, located at 212 N. Adams Street, focusing on community projects and youth programs. Similarly, the Lions Club convenes Thursdays at noon in the Panola College Ballroom at 1109 W. Panola Street, emphasizing vision care initiatives and humanitarian efforts. The Carthage Music Club, founded in 1937, contributes through volunteer performances in healthcare facilities, churches, and public venues. Mission Carthage, a 501(c)(3) Christian nonprofit, provides assistance to Panola County residents, prioritizing self-sufficiency over direct aid handouts. Public facilities support community access to knowledge and recreation. The Sammy Brown Library at 319 S. Market Street operates from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. through and 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. on , offering , digital resources, and programs managed in part by the Carthage Service League. The Old Jail Library at 213 N. Shelby Street houses collections in a historic structure, hosting events like veteran memorials. Religious institutions, including Central Baptist Church and Cedar Grove Baptist Church—dedicated with a Texas Historical Marker in 2005—serve as hubs for worship and social activities. Annual events strengthen communal bonds through celebrations and competitions. The Panola County Heritage Celebration features a children's decorated red wagon parade, beard contest, , , and square dancing, typically held in . Halloween on the Square includes a and free in downtown . The Panola Push, Pedal, and Run event, now in its second year as of 2025, offers mile and 5K options for running, walking, and cycling. The Panola County Parade occurs on December 1, drawing participants for holiday festivities. Ongoing gatherings at venues like the Theater provide Saturday evening performances, complementing the Texas Hall of Fame's cultural role.

Media

Local newspapers and broadcasting

The primary local newspaper serving Carthage is The Panola Watchman, established on July 2, 1873, and published semi-weekly in print on Wednesdays and Sundays, with daily updates available online. It covers local, state, and national news for Panola County residents, including community events, sports, and advertising. KGAS operates as the main local radio station from studios at 200 West Wellington Street in Carthage, broadcasting on 1590 AM and 104.3 FM with a focus on sports, interspersed with local news, weather, and community information specific to Panola County. Licensed to Hanszen Broadcasting, Inc., it positions itself as the sole daily medium for such localized content in the area. No dedicated local exists in ; residents receive over-the-air and cable broadcasts from regional outlets, such as Channel 7 in Tyler-Longview, which includes coverage of communities like for news, weather, and sports. Available channels in the 75633 encompass affiliates of major networks (ABC, , , ) receivable via antenna, with up to 47 subchannels possible depending on equipment and location. Cable services like Communications provide up to 420 channels, but these are not produced locally.

Transportation

Road networks and highways

Carthage lies at the intersection of U.S. Highway 59 and U.S. Highway 79, serving as a key junction in transportation. U.S. 59 travels north-south through the city, linking it to Marshall approximately 20 miles north and continuing southward toward , while forming part of the designated corridor for future upgrades to freeway standards. U.S. 79 extends east-west, connecting Carthage to Nacogdoches about 50 miles west and proceeding eastward toward , facilitating regional freight and commuter traffic. State Highway 149 originates in Carthage at its junction with U.S. 79 and Spur 572, extending southeastward approximately 32 miles via Tatum to and U.S. 259 in Longview. This route supports daily commutes and commerce between Panola and Gregg counties. State Highway 315 approaches Carthage from the southwest, terminating at U.S. 79 after running northeast from Mount Enterprise. Additionally, Spur 572 provides a 1.3-mile connector within Carthage from Business U.S. 59-D northwest to the U.S. 79/SH 149 intersection. Texas Loop 436 functions as a western bypass, spanning about 3.4 miles from U.S. 59 south of northwest to U.S. 79 and Spur 334 west of the city center, designated by Minute Order 078910. This loop accommodates through traffic and accesses commercial developments, including major retailers situated along its path. Local farm-to-market roads, such as FM 10 to the east and FM 699 to the southwest, integrate rural areas into the network, enhancing agricultural transport and residential connectivity. The overall system positions three hours north of and two hours east of via proximate Interstate 20.

Notable people

Residents in politics, business, and entertainment

, who moved to Carthage as an infant and graduated from Carthage Colored High School in 1943, became the first African-American woman to graduate from in 1951 and a prominent in . She led the as president from 1973 to 1978, opposing abortion legalization through testimony before congressional committees and state legislatures, and ran unsuccessfully for political office in as a Republican. Jefferson's advocacy emphasized ethical concerns over fetal life, influencing early pro-life policy debates. Jack Boynton Strong, born February 18, 1930, in , practiced law after graduating from Carthage High School and served four terms as a Democratic in the from 1963 to 1971, representing districts including Panola County. His legislative work focused on issues, including and , before he transitioned to . In entertainment, Carthage and surrounding Panola County have ties to country music pioneers. Tex Ritter, born Woodward Maurice Ritter on January 12, 1905, in Murvaul near Carthage, starred in over 30 Western films as a singing cowboy, recorded hits like "High Noon" for the 1952 film, and performed on radio and stage before his death in 1974. The Tex Ritter Museum in Carthage preserves his artifacts, including cowboy attire and recordings. Jim Reeves, born James Travis Reeves on August 20, 1923, in Galloway near Carthage, achieved crossover success with velvety-voiced hits such as "He'll Have to Go" in 1960, selling millions of records posthumously after his 1964 plane crash death. A life-sized memorial statue and gravesite for Reeves stand along U.S. Highway 79 in Carthage.

Figures associated with major events

Bernie Tiede, an assistant at Carthage's Hawthorn Funeral Home, perpetrated one of the town's most notorious crimes on November 19, , when he shot and killed 81-year-old widow Marjorie Nugent with a after she allegedly subjected him to prolonged during their close companionship. Tiede concealed Nugent's body in a freezer in her home for over nine months, during which he spent portions of her $5 million estate on community gifts, trips, and personal expenses, including $2 million in expenditures. Convicted of first-degree murder in February 1999, Tiede received a 50-year sentence but was paroled in 2016 following claims—supported by psychiatrist testimony—of trauma from childhood abuse influencing his actions; a resentencing trial in 2016 resulted in a life sentence upheld on appeal. Patrolman Pete M. Woods, a 50-year-old with the Police Department, was fatally shot on December 12, 1964, while searching for suspects in an armed ; the perpetrator, escaped Tom Shaw, fired from a passenger seat, striking Woods during the confrontation. Woods, who had served six years on the force, died from his wounds, marking one of the early line-of-duty deaths for local law enforcement amid routine pursuit of fugitives. Shaw was later captured and convicted for the killing. In Carthage's founding era, Jonathan Anderson emerged as a pivotal figure when Panola County commissioners selected his centrally located landholding as the permanent site in , donated for public use to facilitate governance amid post-independence settlement growth. This decision centralized administration, spurring early infrastructure like a log courthouse by 1849.

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