Catharine Littlefield Greene died of malaria at the Dungeness plantation on Cumberland Island, Georgia, at the age of 59. She was buried in the family cemetery there. Her death marked the end of a life marked by significant contributions to the American Revolution, plantation management, and support for technological innovation.

Catharine Greene married Phineas Miller, her children's tutor and the former plantation manager, in Philadelphia at the home of President George and Martha Washington. This marriage signified a new chapter in her life after the death of her first husband and marked her continued involvement in the management of plantation affairs.