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Celali rebellions
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Celali rebellions
The Celali rebellions (Turkish: Celalî ayaklanmaları) were a series of rebellions in Anatolia of irregular troops led by bandit chiefs and provincial officials known as celalî, celâli, or jelālī, against the Ottoman Empire in the late 16th and early to mid-17th centuries.
Simeon of Poland travelled across the Ottoman Empire from 1608 to 1618, and covered the impact that the Celali rebellions had on the cities of Anatolia. Arakel of Tabriz chronicled events from 1602 to 1662. İbrahim Peçevi was a civil servant in Anatolia during the rebellions of Karayazıcı and Deli Hasan.
Eremia Chelebi was the grandson of a refugee from the conflict and was the first Armenian to write major works about Ottoman history. Kâtip Çelebi also wrote about the rebellions. Mustafa Naima wrote about the Celali rebellions a century after they occurred and was one of the major sources for historical study of the rebellions. Hüseyin Hüsâmeddin Yasar covered the Celali rebellions in the third volume of his History of Amasya; Mustafa Akdağ praised the sourcing, but was critical of its messaging, such as depicting the Celali as nationalist rebels.
Armenians commonly wrote long colophons about the Celali rebellions at the end of manuscripts. Sharia and Ottoman court records cover the period as well.
The word Celali means "belonging to Celal" and is derived from Bozoklu Celal (also known as Şah Veli), who rebelled against the Ottomans in 1519. Following rebellions, despite not being related to Celal's rebellion, were given the name Celali. The alternate spelling of Jelālī is also used. The rebellions never had an unified command and sought local power rather than changes across the Ottoman Empire.
Banditry was on the rise by the end of the 16th century. The Ottomans were unable to militarily respond to these bandits due to the Ottoman–Habsburg wars and conflict with Safavid Iran. Garrisons organised into units of 30 to 40 men to suppress banditry were set in response to demands from residents of Anatolia after the start of the Ottoman–Safavid War in 1578. Abbas the Great, shah of Safavid Iran, launched an invasion into the region in 1603. The Ottomans later ceded land to the Safavids in order to focus on the Celali rebellion.
Nomadic and mercenary warriors were used by the Ottoman Empire since its inception. These auxiliaries always outnumbered the standing army and this difference grew in size after the Battle of Lepanto in 1571. The Ottoman government suppressed the timar and sipahi in the 16th century as inflation and armament developments rendered these feudal systems obsolete. Sekban and levend soldiers formed bandit gangs after returning from military campaigns.
Grigor Daranaḷts‘i, the second Armenian bishop of Rodosto and a refugee from the violence, wrote that the Celali rebellions were caused by Sultan Mehmed III neglecting Anatolia despite its corruption, unjust land seizures, and famine. Akdağ said that inflation and unemployed military forces caused the Celali rebellions. Karen Barkey wrote that the Celali "were not interested in rebellion but concentrated on trying to gain state resources, more as rogue clients than as primitive rebels". Halil İnalcık also supported the idea that irregular soldiers were trying to gain positions within the Ottoman state.
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Celali rebellions
The Celali rebellions (Turkish: Celalî ayaklanmaları) were a series of rebellions in Anatolia of irregular troops led by bandit chiefs and provincial officials known as celalî, celâli, or jelālī, against the Ottoman Empire in the late 16th and early to mid-17th centuries.
Simeon of Poland travelled across the Ottoman Empire from 1608 to 1618, and covered the impact that the Celali rebellions had on the cities of Anatolia. Arakel of Tabriz chronicled events from 1602 to 1662. İbrahim Peçevi was a civil servant in Anatolia during the rebellions of Karayazıcı and Deli Hasan.
Eremia Chelebi was the grandson of a refugee from the conflict and was the first Armenian to write major works about Ottoman history. Kâtip Çelebi also wrote about the rebellions. Mustafa Naima wrote about the Celali rebellions a century after they occurred and was one of the major sources for historical study of the rebellions. Hüseyin Hüsâmeddin Yasar covered the Celali rebellions in the third volume of his History of Amasya; Mustafa Akdağ praised the sourcing, but was critical of its messaging, such as depicting the Celali as nationalist rebels.
Armenians commonly wrote long colophons about the Celali rebellions at the end of manuscripts. Sharia and Ottoman court records cover the period as well.
The word Celali means "belonging to Celal" and is derived from Bozoklu Celal (also known as Şah Veli), who rebelled against the Ottomans in 1519. Following rebellions, despite not being related to Celal's rebellion, were given the name Celali. The alternate spelling of Jelālī is also used. The rebellions never had an unified command and sought local power rather than changes across the Ottoman Empire.
Banditry was on the rise by the end of the 16th century. The Ottomans were unable to militarily respond to these bandits due to the Ottoman–Habsburg wars and conflict with Safavid Iran. Garrisons organised into units of 30 to 40 men to suppress banditry were set in response to demands from residents of Anatolia after the start of the Ottoman–Safavid War in 1578. Abbas the Great, shah of Safavid Iran, launched an invasion into the region in 1603. The Ottomans later ceded land to the Safavids in order to focus on the Celali rebellion.
Nomadic and mercenary warriors were used by the Ottoman Empire since its inception. These auxiliaries always outnumbered the standing army and this difference grew in size after the Battle of Lepanto in 1571. The Ottoman government suppressed the timar and sipahi in the 16th century as inflation and armament developments rendered these feudal systems obsolete. Sekban and levend soldiers formed bandit gangs after returning from military campaigns.
Grigor Daranaḷts‘i, the second Armenian bishop of Rodosto and a refugee from the violence, wrote that the Celali rebellions were caused by Sultan Mehmed III neglecting Anatolia despite its corruption, unjust land seizures, and famine. Akdağ said that inflation and unemployed military forces caused the Celali rebellions. Karen Barkey wrote that the Celali "were not interested in rebellion but concentrated on trying to gain state resources, more as rogue clients than as primitive rebels". Halil İnalcık also supported the idea that irregular soldiers were trying to gain positions within the Ottoman state.