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Charlotte Wolff
Charlotte Wolff (30 September 1897 – 12 September 1986) was a German-British physician who worked as a psychotherapist and wrote on sexology and hand analysis. Her writings on lesbianism and bisexuality were influential early works in the field.
Charlotte Wolff was born on 30 September 1897 in Riesenburg, West Prussia (now Prabuty, Poland) into a liberal middle-class Jewish family. She was educated in Danzig (now Gdańsk) and at the Viktoria Schule, a Realgymnasium (girls' academic secondary school) in Dresden. In 1920 she entered the University of Freiburg to study literature and philosophy; at the time she was writing poetry, some of which she published. She changed her academic focus to medicine and after further study at Königsberg (now Kaliningrad, Russia) and Tübingen, completed a degree as a physician at Berlin in 1926. Remaining in Berlin, she did her internship treating sex workers at the Rudolf Virchow Hospital, then in addition to private practice as a physician and psychotherapist, worked in clinics in working-class districts and did voluntary work in family planning. She became deputy director for pre-natal services and in 1932, director of the Institute for Electro-physical Therapy at the Neukölln clinic.
As a Jew, she could no longer work after the Nazis came to power and emigrated to France, where she lived with friends in Paris and the artist's community of Sanary-sur-Mer. Forbidden to practise medicine there, she made a living from hand analysis. In 1936 she emigrated again to England, where she lived for the rest of her life, becoming a permanent resident in 1937 and taking British citizenship in 1947. She conducted psychological research at the Jewish Child Guidance Clinic and University College London, and was able to practise as a psychotherapist, becoming a Fellow of the British Psychological Society in 1941, but not again as a physician until 1952. During World War II, she worked in hospitals and mental institutions while continuing to publish her research.
Wolff was an active lesbian as early as her student days; in Berlin she had an "Aryan" partner who left her for fear of the Nazis. In the 1970s, translations of her books led German lesbian groups to seek her out and invite her to speak in Germany.
In Germany, she was not a member of a political party but joined the Association of Socialist Physicians (Verein Sozialistischer Ärzte) and sympathised with the Independent Social Democrats. She was not a Zionist nor yet a believing or practising Jew, but resisted conversion to Christianity by one of her many Quaker friends, and identified herself as "an international Jew with a British passport". She died on 12 September 1986 in London.
Wolff researched the hands of juvenile delinquents in England and wrote several books propounding hand analysis as a key to personality. The Human Hand (1942) was termed "a curious mixture of fact, theory, hypothesis, and conjecture" by one academic reviewer, and "unconvincing, to say the least" by another who nonetheless saw promise in the general approach, but a third wrote that it "merit[ed] serious reading." The disapproving reviewers noted that hand similarities had led Wolff to infer the descent of man and of Capuchin monkeys from a common origin in the Americas.
In her book The Human Hand Wolff expressed racist and ableist views. She referred to the anthropologists and race theorists Rudolf Martin and Otto Schlaginhaufen. Wolff suggested, one can see at the size of the thumbs, that black people are less developed than white people: "(…) adult Negroes have smaller thumbs than white men. As power of consciousness is more highly developed in Europeans than in Negroes, the anatomical difference tallies with the psychological significance of the thumb." Wolff compared the palms of a gorilla to those of a mentally handicapped man. Wolff concluded that the disabled man is mentally inferior to the gorilla: "As compared with the gorilla the idiot appears to be the less differentiated and developed being."
Her later book, The Hand in Psychological Diagnosis (1951) was evaluated as the result of "serious, extensive, devoted study" but having the defect of other versions of constitutional psychology of tending to shortcuts via the classification into "types".
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Charlotte Wolff
Charlotte Wolff (30 September 1897 – 12 September 1986) was a German-British physician who worked as a psychotherapist and wrote on sexology and hand analysis. Her writings on lesbianism and bisexuality were influential early works in the field.
Charlotte Wolff was born on 30 September 1897 in Riesenburg, West Prussia (now Prabuty, Poland) into a liberal middle-class Jewish family. She was educated in Danzig (now Gdańsk) and at the Viktoria Schule, a Realgymnasium (girls' academic secondary school) in Dresden. In 1920 she entered the University of Freiburg to study literature and philosophy; at the time she was writing poetry, some of which she published. She changed her academic focus to medicine and after further study at Königsberg (now Kaliningrad, Russia) and Tübingen, completed a degree as a physician at Berlin in 1926. Remaining in Berlin, she did her internship treating sex workers at the Rudolf Virchow Hospital, then in addition to private practice as a physician and psychotherapist, worked in clinics in working-class districts and did voluntary work in family planning. She became deputy director for pre-natal services and in 1932, director of the Institute for Electro-physical Therapy at the Neukölln clinic.
As a Jew, she could no longer work after the Nazis came to power and emigrated to France, where she lived with friends in Paris and the artist's community of Sanary-sur-Mer. Forbidden to practise medicine there, she made a living from hand analysis. In 1936 she emigrated again to England, where she lived for the rest of her life, becoming a permanent resident in 1937 and taking British citizenship in 1947. She conducted psychological research at the Jewish Child Guidance Clinic and University College London, and was able to practise as a psychotherapist, becoming a Fellow of the British Psychological Society in 1941, but not again as a physician until 1952. During World War II, she worked in hospitals and mental institutions while continuing to publish her research.
Wolff was an active lesbian as early as her student days; in Berlin she had an "Aryan" partner who left her for fear of the Nazis. In the 1970s, translations of her books led German lesbian groups to seek her out and invite her to speak in Germany.
In Germany, she was not a member of a political party but joined the Association of Socialist Physicians (Verein Sozialistischer Ärzte) and sympathised with the Independent Social Democrats. She was not a Zionist nor yet a believing or practising Jew, but resisted conversion to Christianity by one of her many Quaker friends, and identified herself as "an international Jew with a British passport". She died on 12 September 1986 in London.
Wolff researched the hands of juvenile delinquents in England and wrote several books propounding hand analysis as a key to personality. The Human Hand (1942) was termed "a curious mixture of fact, theory, hypothesis, and conjecture" by one academic reviewer, and "unconvincing, to say the least" by another who nonetheless saw promise in the general approach, but a third wrote that it "merit[ed] serious reading." The disapproving reviewers noted that hand similarities had led Wolff to infer the descent of man and of Capuchin monkeys from a common origin in the Americas.
In her book The Human Hand Wolff expressed racist and ableist views. She referred to the anthropologists and race theorists Rudolf Martin and Otto Schlaginhaufen. Wolff suggested, one can see at the size of the thumbs, that black people are less developed than white people: "(…) adult Negroes have smaller thumbs than white men. As power of consciousness is more highly developed in Europeans than in Negroes, the anatomical difference tallies with the psychological significance of the thumb." Wolff compared the palms of a gorilla to those of a mentally handicapped man. Wolff concluded that the disabled man is mentally inferior to the gorilla: "As compared with the gorilla the idiot appears to be the less differentiated and developed being."
Her later book, The Hand in Psychological Diagnosis (1951) was evaluated as the result of "serious, extensive, devoted study" but having the defect of other versions of constitutional psychology of tending to shortcuts via the classification into "types".