Hubbry Logo
Chess OlympiadChess OlympiadMain
Open search
Chess Olympiad
Community hub
Chess Olympiad
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Chess Olympiad
Chess Olympiad
Chess Olympiad
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

Chess Olympiad
35th Chess Olympiad in Bled in October 2002
StatusActive
GenreSports Event
FrequencyBiennial
LocationVarious
Inaugurated1924 (1924)
Organised byFIDE
45th Chess Olympiad

The Chess Olympiad is a biennial chess tournament in which teams representing nations of the world compete. FIDE organises the tournament and selects the host nation. Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, FIDE held an Online Chess Olympiad in 2020 and 2021, with a rapid time control that affected players' online ratings.

Birth of the Olympiad

[edit]

The first Olympiad was unofficial. For the 1924 Olympics an attempt was made to include chess in the Olympic Games but this failed because of problems with distinguishing between amateur and professional players.[1] While the 1924 Summer Olympics was taking place in Paris, the 1st unofficial Chess Olympiad also took place in Paris. FIDE was formed on Sunday, July 20, 1924, the closing day of the 1st unofficial Chess Olympiad.[2] FIDE organised the first Official Olympiad in 1927 which took place in London.[1] The Olympiads were occasionally held annually and at irregular intervals until World War II; since 1950 they have been held regularly every two years.[1]

Growth of Chess Olympiads
There were 16 participating nations in the 1st Chess Olympiad, 1927.
By the 41st Olympiad, 2014, there were 172 participating nations.
Bobby Fischer's score card from his round 3 game against Miguel Najdorf in the 1970 Chess Olympiad

Drug testing

[edit]

As a sporting federation recognized by the IOC, and particularly as a signatory to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) conventions,[3] FIDE adheres to their rules, including a requirement for doping tests,[4][5] which they are obligated to take at the events such as the Olympiad. The tests were first introduced in 2002 under significant controversy,[6] with the widespread belief that it was impossible to dope in chess. Research carried out by the Dutch chess federation failed to find a single performance-enhancing substance for chess.[7] According to Dr Helmut Pfleger, who has been conducting experiments in the field for around twenty years, "Both mentally stimulating and mentally calming medication have too many negative side effects".[7] Players such as Artur Yusupov,[8] Jan Timman[9] and Robert Hübner[10] either refused to play for their national team or to participate in events such as the Chess Olympiad where drug tests were administered. All 802 tests administered at the 2002 Olympiad came back negative.[11] However, in the 36th Chess Olympiad in 2004, two players refused to provide urine samples and had their scores cancelled.[12][13] Four years later, Vasyl Ivanchuk was not penalized for skipping a drug test at the 38th Chess Olympiad in 2008, with a procedural error being indicated instead.[14]

In 2010, a FIDE official commented that due to the work of the FIDE Medical Commission, the tests were now considered routine.[15] In November 2015, FIDE president Kirsan Ilyumzhinov announced they are working with WADA to define and identify doping in chess.[16]

Competition

[edit]

Each FIDE-recognized chess association can enter a team into the Olympiad.[1] Each team is made of up to five players, four regular players and one reserve (prior to the tournament in Dresden 2008 there were two reserves[17]).[1]

Initially each team played all other teams but as the event grew over the years this became impossible.[1] At first team seeding took place before the competition,[1] with teams playing in preliminary groups and then finals. Later certain drawbacks were recognized with seeding and in 1976 a Swiss tournament system was adopted.[1] Starting from 2008, the first criterion for determining ranking has been match points instead of board points. Teams score 2 points for a match win, 1 point for a drawn match and 0 points for a match loss.

The trophy for the winning team in the open section is the Hamilton-Russell Cup,[1] which was offered by the English magnate Frederick Hamilton-Russell as a prize for the 1st Olympiad (London 1927). The cup is kept by the winning team until the next event, when it is consigned to the next winner.

There is a separate women's competition. Since 1976 it has been held at the same time and venue as the open event, with the two competitions comprising the Chess Olympiad. The trophy for the winning women's team is known as the Vera Menchik Cup in honor of the first Women's World Chess Champion. Judit Polgár from Hungary is the only player who won Chess Olympiad medals in both competitions – two gold medals in the women's event (1988, 1990) and two silver medals in the open event (2002, 2014).

Results (open event)

[edit]
class=notpageimage|
Host cities of chess olympiad
Year Event Host Gold Silver Bronze
1924 1st unofficial Chess Olympiad
The Chess Olympiad (individual)		 Paris, France Czechoslovakia 31
Karel Hromádka, Jan Schulz, Karel Vaněk, Karel Skalička		 Hungary 30
Árpád Vajda, Károly Sterk, Endre Steiner, Kornél Havasi		  Switzerland 29
Erwin Voellmy, Otto Zimmermann, Hans Johner, Oskar Naegeli
1926 2nd unofficial Chess Olympiad
The Team Tournament
(part of FIDE summit)		 Budapest, then part of the Kingdom of Hungary Hungary 9
Endre Steiner, Árpád Vajda, Károly Sterk, György Négyesy, Elek Bakonyi, Sándor Zinner		 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 8
Boris Kostić, Lajos Asztalos, Stevan Ćirić, Imre György		 Romania 5
János Balogh, Miklós Bródy, Alexandru Tyroler, Iosif Mendelssohn, Zeno Proca
1927 1st Chess Olympiad London, United Kingdom Hungary 40
Géza Maróczy, Géza Nagy, Árpád Vajda, Kornél Havasi, Endre Steiner		 Denmark 38½
Orla Hermann Krause, Holger Norman-Hansen, Erik Andersen, Karl Ruben		 England 36½
Henry Atkins, Fred Yates, George Thomas, Reginald Michell, Edmund Spencer
1928 2nd Chess Olympiad The Hague, Netherlands Hungary 44
Géza Nagy, Endre Steiner, Árpád Vajda, Kornél Havasi		 United States 39½
Isaac Kashdan, Herman Steiner, Samuel Factor, Erling Tholfsen, Milton Hanauer		 Poland 37
Kazimierz Makarczyk, Paulin Frydman, Teodor Regedziński, Mieczysław Chwojnik, Abram Blass
1930 3rd Chess Olympiad Hamburg, then part of the Weimar Republic Poland 48½
Akiba Rubinstein, Savielly Tartakower, Dawid Przepiórka, Kazimierz Makarczyk, Paulin Frydman		 Hungary 47
Géza Maróczy, Sándor Takács, Árpád Vajda, Kornél Havasi, Endre Steiner		 Germany 44½
Carl Ahues, Friedrich Sämisch, Carl Carls, Kurt Richter, Heinrich Wagner
1931 4th Chess Olympiad Prague, then part of Czechoslovakia United States 48
Isaac Kashdan, Frank Marshall, Arthur Dake, Israel Horowitz, Herman Steiner		 Poland 47
Akiba Rubinstein, Savielly Tartakower, Dawid Przepiórka, Kazimierz Makarczyk, Paulin Frydman		 Czechoslovakia 46½
Salo Flohr, Karl Gilg, Josef Rejfíř, Karel Opočenský, Karel Skalička
1933 5th Chess Olympiad Folkestone, United Kingdom United States 39
Isaac Kashdan, Frank Marshall, Reuben Fine, Arthur Dake, Albert Simonson		 Czechoslovakia 37½
Salo Flohr, Karel Treybal, Josef Rejfíř, Karel Opočenský, Karel Skalička		 Sweden 34
Gideon Ståhlberg, Gösta Stoltz, Erik Lundin, Karl Berndtsson
1935 6th Chess Olympiad Warsaw, Poland United States 54
Reuben Fine, Frank Marshall, Abraham Kupchik, Arthur Dake, Israel Horowitz		 Sweden 52½
Gideon Ståhlberg, Gösta Stoltz, Erik Lundin, Gösta Danielsson, Ernst Larsson		 Poland 52
Savielly Tartakower, Paulin Frydman, Mieczysław Najdorf, Henryk Friedman, Kazimierz Makarczyk
1936 3rd unofficial Chess Olympiad
non-FIDE unofficial Chess Olympiad		 Munich, then part of Nazi Germany Hungary 110½
Géza Maróczy, Lajos Steiner, Endre Steiner, Kornél Havasi, László Szabó, Gedeon Barcza, Árpád Vajda, Ernő Gereben, János Balogh, Imre Korody		 Poland 108
Paulin Frydman, Mieczysław Najdorf, Teodor Regedziński, Kazimierz Makarczyk, Henryk Friedman, Leon Kremer, Henryk Pogorieły, Antoni Wojciechowski, Franciszek Sulik, Jerzy Jagielski		 Germany 106½
Kurt Richter, Carl Ahues, Ludwig Engels, Carl Carls, Ludwig Rellstab, Friedrich Sämisch, Ludwig Rödl, Herbert Heinicke, Wilhelm Ernst, Paul Michel
1937 7th Chess Olympiad Stockholm, Sweden United States 54½
Samuel Reshevsky, Reuben Fine, Isaac Kashdan, Frank Marshall, Israel Horowitz		 Hungary 48½
Andor Lilienthal, László Szabó, Endre Steiner, Kornél Havasi, Árpád Vajda		 Poland 47
Savielly Tartakower, Mieczysław Najdorf, Paulin Frydman, Izaak Appel, Teodor Regedziński
1939 8th Chess Olympiad Buenos Aires, Argentina Germany 36
Erich Eliskases, Paul Michel, Ludwig Engels, Albert Becker, Heinrich Reinhardt		 Poland 35½
Savielly Tartakower, Mieczysław Najdorf, Paulin Frydman, Teodor Regedziński, Franciszek Sulik		 Estonia 33½
Paul Keres, Ilmar Raud, Paul Schmidt, Gunnar Friedemann, Johannes Türn
1950 9th Chess Olympiad Dubrovnik, then part of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia 45½
Svetozar Gligorić, Vasja Pirc, Petar Trifunović, Braslav Rabar, Milan Vidmar Jr., Stojan Puc		 Argentina 43½
Miguel Najdorf, Julio Bolbochán, Carlos Guimard, Héctor Rossetto, Hermann Pilnik		 West Germany 40½
Wolfgang Unzicker, Lothar Schmid, Gerhard Pfeiffer, Ludwig Rellstab, Hans-Hilmar Staudte
1952 10th Chess Olympiad Helsinki, Finland Soviet Union 21
Paul Keres, Vasily Smyslov, David Bronstein, Efim Geller, Isaac Boleslavsky, Alexander Kotov		 Argentina 19½
Miguel Najdorf, Julio Bolbochán, Erich Eliskases, Hermann Pilnik, Héctor Rossetto		 Yugoslavia 19
Svetozar Gligorić, Braslav Rabar, Petar Trifunović, Vasja Pirc, Andrija Fuderer, Borislav Milić
1954 11th Chess Olympiad Amsterdam, Netherlands Soviet Union 34
Mikhail Botvinnik, Vasily Smyslov, David Bronstein, Paul Keres, Efim Geller, Alexander Kotov		 Argentina 27
Miguel Najdorf, Julio Bolbochán, Oscar Panno, Carlos Guimard, Héctor Rossetto, Hermann Pilnik		 Yugoslavia 26½
Vasja Pirc, Svetozar Gligorić, Petar Trifunović, Braslav Rabar, Andrija Fuderer, Aleksandar Matanović
1956 12th Chess Olympiad Moscow, then part of the Soviet Union Soviet Union 31
Mikhail Botvinnik, Vasily Smyslov, Paul Keres, David Bronstein, Mark Taimanov, Efim Geller		 Yugoslavia 26½
Svetozar Gligorić, Aleksandar Matanović, Borislav Ivkov, Nikola Karaklajić, Borislav Milić, Božidar Đurašević		 Hungary 26½
László Szabó, Gedeon Barcza, Pál Benkő, György Szilágyi, Miklós Bély, Lajos Portisch
1958 13th Chess Olympiad Munich, then part of West Germany Soviet Union 34½
Mikhail Botvinnik, Vasily Smyslov, Paul Keres, David Bronstein, Mikhail Tal, Tigran Petrosian		 Yugoslavia 29
Svetozar Gligorić, Aleksandar Matanović, Borislav Ivkov, Petar Trifunović, Božidar Đurašević, Andrija Fuderer		 Argentina 25½
Hermann Pilnik, Oscar Panno, Erich Eliskases, Rodolfo Redolfi, Raúl Sanguineti, Jaime Emma
1960 14th Chess Olympiad Leipzig, then part of East Germany Soviet Union 34
Mikhail Tal, Mikhail Botvinnik, Paul Keres, Viktor Korchnoi, Vasily Smyslov, Tigran Petrosian		 United States 29
Bobby Fischer, William Lombardy, Robert Byrne, Arthur Bisguier, Nicolas Rossolimo, Raymond Weinstein		 Yugoslavia 27
Svetozar Gligorić, Aleksandar Matanović, Borislav Ivkov, Mario Bertok, Mato Damjanović, Milan Vukčević
1962 15th Chess Olympiad Varna, then part of the People's Republic of Bulgaria Soviet Union 31½
Mikhail Botvinnik, Tigran Petrosian, Boris Spassky, Paul Keres, Efim Geller, Mikhail Tal		 Yugoslavia 28
Svetozar Gligorić, Petar Trifunović, Aleksandar Matanović, Borislav Ivkov, Bruno Parma, Dragoljub Minić		 Argentina 26
Miguel Najdorf, Julio Bolbochán, Oscar Panno, Raúl Sanguineti, Héctor Rossetto, Alberto Foguelman
1964 16th Chess Olympiad Tel Aviv, Israel Soviet Union 36½
Tigran Petrosian, Mikhail Botvinnik, Vasily Smyslov, Paul Keres, Leonid Stein, Boris Spassky		 Yugoslavia 32
Svetozar Gligorić, Borislav Ivkov, Aleksandar Matanović, Bruno Parma, Mijo Udovčić, Milan Matulović		 West Germany 30½
Wolfgang Unzicker, Klaus Darga, Lothar Schmid, Helmut Pfleger, Dieter Mohrlok, Wolfram Bialas
1966 17th Chess Olympiad Havana, Cuba Soviet Union 39½
Tigran Petrosian, Boris Spassky, Mikhail Tal, Leonid Stein, Viktor Korchnoi, Lev Polugaevsky		 United States 34½
Bobby Fischer, Robert Byrne, Pal Benko, Larry Evans, William Addison, Nicolas Rossolimo		 Hungary 33½
Lajos Portisch, László Szabó, István Bilek, Levente Lengyel, Győző Forintos, László Bárczay
1968 18th Chess Olympiad Lugano, Switzerland Soviet Union 39½
Tigran Petrosian, Boris Spassky, Viktor Korchnoi, Efim Geller, Lev Polugaevsky, Vasily Smyslov		 Yugoslavia 31
Svetozar Gligorić, Borislav Ivkov, Aleksandar Matanović, Milan Matulović, Bruno Parma, Dragoljub Čirić		 Bulgaria 30
Milko Bobotsov, Georgi Tringov, Nikola Padevsky, Atanas Kolarov, Ivan Radulov, Peicho Peev
1970 19th Chess Olympiad Siegen, then part of West Germany Soviet Union 27½
Boris Spassky, Tigran Petrosian, Viktor Korchnoi, Lev Polugaevsky, Vasily Smyslov, Efim Geller		 Hungary 26½
Lajos Portisch, Levente Lengyel, István Bilek, Győző Forintos, István Csom, Zoltán Ribli		 Yugoslavia 26
Svetozar Gligorić, Borislav Ivkov, Milan Matulović, Aleksandar Matanović, Bruno Parma, Dragoljub Minić
1972 20th Chess Olympiad Skopje, then part of Yugoslavia Soviet Union 42
Tigran Petrosian, Viktor Korchnoi, Vasily Smyslov, Mikhail Tal, Anatoly Karpov, Vladimir Savon		 Hungary 40½
Lajos Portisch, István Bilek, Győző Forintos, Zoltán Ribli, István Csom, Gyula Sax		 Yugoslavia 38
Svetozar Gligorić, Borislav Ivkov, Ljubomir Ljubojević, Aleksandar Matanović, Milan Matulović, Josip Rukavina
1974 21st Chess Olympiad Nice, France Soviet Union 46
Anatoly Karpov, Viktor Korchnoi, Boris Spassky, Tigran Petrosian, Mikhail Tal, Gennady Kuzmin		 Yugoslavia 37½
Svetozar Gligorić, Ljubomir Ljubojević, Borislav Ivkov, Albin Planinc, Dragoljub Velimirović, Bruno Parma		 United States 36½
Lubomir Kavalek, Robert Byrne, Walter Browne, Samuel Reshevsky, William Lombardy, James Tarjan
1976 22nd Chess Olympiad * Haifa, Israel United States 37
Robert Byrne, Lubomir Kavalek, Larry Evans, James Tarjan, William Lombardy, Kim Commons		 Netherlands 36½
Jan Timman, Gennadi Sosonko, Jan Hein Donner, Hans Ree, Gert Ligterink, Franciscus Kuijpers		 England 35½
Tony Miles, Raymond Keene, William Hartston, Michael Stean, Jonathan Mestel, John Nunn
1976 Against Chess Olympiad Tripoli, Libya El Salvador 38½
Antonio Grimaldi, René Grimaldi, Salvador Infante, Roberto Camacho, Boris Pineda, Manuel Velásquez		 Tunisia 36
Slim Bouaziz, Ridha Belkadi, Ahmed Drira, Sbia		 Pakistan 34½
Zahiruddin Farooqui, Rahat Ali, Nazir Ahmad, Shahzad Mirza, Gholam Mohiuddin, Shaikh Mazhar Hussain
1978 23rd Chess Olympiad Buenos Aires, Argentina Hungary 37
Lajos Portisch, Zoltán Ribli, Gyula Sax, András Adorján, István Csom, László Vadász		 Soviet Union 36
Boris Spassky, Tigran Petrosian, Lev Polugaevsky, Boris Gulko, Oleg Romanishin, Rafael Vaganian		 United States 35
Lubomir Kavalek, Walter Browne, Anatoly Lein, Robert Byrne, James Tarjan, William Lombardy
1980 24th Chess Olympiad Valletta, Malta Soviet Union 39
Anatoly Karpov, Lev Polugaevsky, Mikhail Tal, Efim Geller, Yuri Balashov, Garry Kasparov		 Hungary 39
Lajos Portisch, Zoltán Ribli, Gyula Sax, István Csom, Iván Faragó, József Pintér		 Yugoslavia 35
Ljubomir Ljubojević, Borislav Ivkov, Bruno Parma, Bojan Kurajica, Slavoljub Marjanović, Predrag Nikolić
1982 25th Chess Olympiad Lucerne, Switzerland Soviet Union 42½
Anatoly Karpov, Garry Kasparov, Lev Polugaevsky, Alexander Beliavsky, Mikhail Tal, Artur Yusupov		 Czechoslovakia 36
Vlastimil Hort, Jan Smejkal, Ľubomír Ftáčnik, Vlastimil Jansa, Ján Plachetka, Jan Ambrož		 United States 35½
Walter Browne, Yasser Seirawan, Lev Alburt, Lubomir Kavalek, James Tarjan, Larry Christiansen
1984 26th Chess Olympiad Thessaloniki, Greece Soviet Union 41
Alexander Beliavsky, Lev Polugaevsky, Rafael Vaganian, Vladimir Tukmakov, Artur Yusupov, Andrei Sokolov		 England 37
Tony Miles, John Nunn, Jon Speelman, Murray Chandler, Jonathan Mestel, Nigel Short		 United States 35
Roman Dzindzichashvili, Lubomir Kavalek, Larry Christiansen, Walter Browne, Lev Alburt, Nick de Firmian
1986 27th Chess Olympiad Dubai, United Arab Emirates Soviet Union 40
Garry Kasparov, Anatoly Karpov, Andrei Sokolov, Artur Yusupov, Rafael Vaganian, Vitaly Tseshkovsky		 England 39½
Tony Miles, John Nunn, Nigel Short, Murray Chandler, Jon Speelman, Glenn Flear		 United States 38½
Yasser Seirawan, Larry Christiansen, Lubomir Kavalek, John Fedorowicz, Nick de Firmian, Maxim Dlugy
1988 28th Chess Olympiad Thessaloniki, Greece Soviet Union 40½
Garry Kasparov, Anatoly Karpov, Artur Yusupov, Alexander Beliavsky, Jaan Ehlvest, Vassily Ivanchuk		 England 34½
Nigel Short, Jon Speelman, John Nunn, Murray Chandler, Jonathan Mestel, William Watson		 Netherlands 34½
John van der Wiel, Gennadi Sosonko, Paul van der Sterren, Jeroen Piket, Marinus Kuijf, Rudy Douven
1990 29th Chess Olympiad Novi Sad, then part of Yugoslavia Soviet Union 39
Vassily Ivanchuk, Boris Gelfand, Alexander Beliavsky, Artur Yusupov, Leonid Yudasin, Evgeny Bareev		 United States 35½
Yasser Seirawan, Boris Gulko, Larry Christiansen, Joel Benjamin, John Fedorowicz, Nick de Firmian		 England 35½
Nigel Short, Jon Speelman, John Nunn, Michael Adams, Murray Chandler, Julian Hodgson
1992 30th Chess Olympiad Manila, Philippines Russia 39
Garry Kasparov, Alexander Khalifman, Sergey Dolmatov, Alexey Dreev, Vladimir Kramnik, Alexey Vyzmanavin		 Uzbekistan 35
Valery Loginov, Grigory Serper, Alexander Nenashev, Sergey Zagrebelny, Mihail Saltaev, Saidali Iuldachev		 Armenia 34½
Rafael Vaganian, Vladimir Akopian, Smbat Lputian, Artashes Minasian, Arshak Petrosian, Ashot Anastasian
1994 31st Chess Olympiad Moscow, Russia Russia 37½
Garry Kasparov, Vladimir Kramnik, Evgeny Bareev, Alexey Dreev, Sergei Tiviakov, Peter Svidler		 Bosnia and Herzegovina 35
Predrag Nikolić, Ivan Sokolov, Bojan Kurajica, Emir Dizdarević, Nebojša Nikolić, Rade Milovanović		 Russia "B" 34½
Alexander Morozevich, Vadim Zvjaginsev, Mikhail Ulibin, Sergei Rublevsky, Konstantin Sakaev, Vasily Yemelin
1996 32nd Chess Olympiad Yerevan, Armenia Russia 38½
Garry Kasparov, Vladimir Kramnik, Alexey Dreev, Peter Svidler, Evgeny Bareev, Sergei Rublevsky		 Ukraine 35
Vasyl Ivanchuk, Vladimir Malaniuk, Oleg Romanishin, Igor Novikov, Alexander Onischuk, Stanislav Savchenko		 United States 34
Boris Gulko, Alex Yermolinsky, Nick de Firmian, Gregory Kaidanov, Joel Benjamin, Larry Christiansen
1998 33rd Chess Olympiad Elista, Russia Russia 35½
Peter Svidler, Sergei Rublevsky, Evgeny Bareev, Alexander Morozevich, Vadim Zvjaginsev, Konstantin Sakaev		 United States 34½
Alex Yermolinsky, Alexander Shabalov, Yasser Seirawan, Boris Gulko, Nick de Firmian, Gregory Kaidanov		 Ukraine 32½
Vasyl Ivanchuk, Alexander Onischuk, Oleg Romanishin, Vladimir Malaniuk, Stanislav Savchenko, Ruslan Ponomariov
2000 34th Chess Olympiad Istanbul, Turkey Russia 38
Alexander Khalifman, Alexander Morozevich, Peter Svidler, Sergei Rublevsky, Konstantin Sakaev, Alexander Grischuk		 Germany 37
Artur Yusupov, Robert Hübner, Rustem Dautov, Christopher Lutz, Klaus Bischoff, Thomas Luther		 Ukraine 35½
Vasyl Ivanchuk, Ruslan Ponomariov, Vladimir Baklan, Vereslav Eingorn, Oleg Romanishin, Vadim Malakhatko
2002 35th Chess Olympiad Bled, Slovenia Russia 38½
Garry Kasparov, Alexander Grischuk, Alexander Khalifman, Alexander Morozevich, Peter Svidler, Sergei Rublevsky		 Hungary 37½
Péter Lékó, Judit Polgár, Zoltán Almási, Zoltán Gyimesi, Róbert Ruck, Péter Ács		 Armenia 35
Vladimir Akopian, Smbat Lputian, Karen Asrian, Gabriel Sargissian, Artashes Minasian, Ashot Anastasian
2004 36th Chess Olympiad Calvià, Spain Ukraine 39½
Vasyl Ivanchuk, Ruslan Ponomariov, Andrei Volokitin, Alexander Moiseenko, Pavel Eljanov, Sergey Karjakin		 Russia 36½
Alexander Morozevich, Peter Svidler, Alexander Grischuk, Alexey Dreev, Alexander Khalifman, Vadim Zvjaginsev		 Armenia 36½
Vladimir Akopian, Levon Aronian, Rafael Vaganian, Smbat Lputian, Gabriel Sargissian, Artashes Minasian
2006 37th Chess Olympiad Turin, Italy Armenia 36
Levon Aronian, Vladimir Akopian, Karen Asrian, Smbat Lputian, Gabriel Sargissian, Artashes Minasian		 China 34
Bu Xiangzhi, Zhang Zhong, Zhang Pengxiang, Wang Yue, Ni Hua, Zhao Jun		 United States 33
Gata Kamsky, Alexander Onischuk, Hikaru Nakamura, Ildar Ibragimov, Gregory Kaidanov, Varuzhan Akobian
2008 38th Chess Olympiad Dresden, Germany Armenia 19
Levon Aronian, Vladimir Akopian, Gabriel Sargissian, Tigran L. Petrosian, Artashes Minasian		 Israel 18
Boris Gelfand, Michael Roiz, Boris Avrukh, Evgeny Postny, Maxim Rodshtein		 United States 17
Gata Kamsky, Hikaru Nakamura, Alexander Onischuk, Yury Shulman, Varuzhan Akobian
2010 39th Chess Olympiad Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia Ukraine 19
Vasyl Ivanchuk, Ruslan Ponomariov, Pavel Eljanov, Zahar Efimenko, Alexander Moiseenko		 Russia 18
Vladimir Kramnik, Alexander Grischuk, Peter Svidler, Sergey Karjakin, Vladimir Malakhov		 Israel 17
Boris Gelfand, Emil Sutovsky, Ilya Smirin, Maxim Rodshtein, Victor Mikhalevski
2012 40th Chess Olympiad Istanbul, Turkey Armenia 19
Levon Aronian, Sergei Movsesian, Vladimir Akopian, Gabriel Sargissian, Tigran L. Petrosian		 Russia 19
Vladimir Kramnik, Alexander Grischuk, Sergey Karjakin, Evgeny Tomashevsky, Dmitry Jakovenko		 Ukraine 18
Vasyl Ivanchuk, Ruslan Ponomariov, Andrei Volokitin, Pavel Eljanov, Alexander Moiseenko
2014 41st Chess Olympiad Tromsø, Norway China 19
Wang Yue, Ding Liren, Yu Yangyi, Ni Hua, Wei Yi		 Hungary 17
Péter Lékó, Csaba Balogh, Zoltán Almási, Richárd Rapport, Judit Polgár		 India 17
Parimarjan Negi, Panayappan Sethuraman, Krishnan Sasikiran, Adhiban Baskaran, Musunuri Rohit Lalit Babu
2016 42nd Chess Olympiad Baku, Azerbaijan United States 20
Fabiano Caruana, Hikaru Nakamura, Wesley So, Sam Shankland, Ray Robson		 Ukraine 20
Pavel Eljanov, Ruslan Ponomariov, Yuriy Kryvoruchko, Anton Korobov, Andrei Volokitin		 Russia 18
Sergey Karjakin, Vladimir Kramnik, Evgeny Tomashevsky, Ian Nepomniachtchi, Alexander Grischuk
2018 43rd Chess Olympiad Batumi, Georgia China 18
Ding Liren, Yu Yangyi, Wei Yi, Bu Xiangzhi, Li Chao		 United States 18
Fabiano Caruana, Wesley So, Hikaru Nakamura, Sam Shankland, Ray Robson		 Russia 18
Sergey Karjakin, Ian Nepomniachtchi, Dmitry Jakovenko, Vladimir Kramnik, Nikita Vitiugov
2020 Online Chess Olympiad † (Virtual) India ‡
Vidit Gujrathi, Pentala Harikrishna, Koneru Humpy, Harika Dronavalli, Rameshbabu Praggnanandhaa, Divya Deshmukh, Viswanathan Anand, Nihal Sarin, Vantika Agrawal, Aravindh Chithambaram, Bhakti Kulkarni, Rameshbabu Vaishali
Russia
Ian Nepomniachtchi, Vladislav Artemiev, Kateryna Lagno, Alexandra Kosteniuk, Alexey Sarana, Polina Shuvalova, Daniil Dubov, Aleksandra Goryachkina, Andrey Esipenko, Alexander Grischuk, Valentina Gunina, Margarita Potapova		 - Poland
Jan-Krzysztof Duda, Radosław Wojtaszek, Monika Soćko, Karina Cyfka, Igor Janik, Alicja Śliwicka, Grzegorz Gajewski, Szymon Gumularz, Mateusz Bartel, Iweta Rajlich, Jolanta Zawadzka
United States
Wesley So, Sam Shankland, Anna Zatonskih, Tatev Abrahamyan, Jeffery Xiong, Annie Wang, Carissa Yip, Ray Robson
2021 Online Chess Olympiad † China (Virtual) Russia
Daniil Dubov, Vladislav Artemiev, Aleksandra Goryachkina, Alexandra Kosteniuk, Andrey Esipenko, Polina Shuvalova, Kateryna Lagno, Leya Garifullina, Valentina Gunina, Alexander Grischuk, Vladimir Fedoseev, Volodar Murzin		 United States
Jeffery Xiong, Ray Robson, Irina Krush, Nazí Paikidze, Awonder Liang, Thalia Cervantes Landeiro, Dariusz Świercz, Anna Zatonskih		 China
Ding Liren, Yu Yangyi, Hou Yifan, Ju Wenjun, Wang Shixu, Ning Kaiyu, Xu Zhihang, Wei Yi, Lei Tingjie, Bu Xiangzhi, Zhu Jiner, Huang Qian
India
Viswanathan Anand, Pentala Harikrishna, Koneru Humpy, Harika Dronavalli, Nihal Sarin, Rameshbabu Vaishali, Vidit Gujrathi, Rameshbabu Praggnanandhaa, Adhiban Baskaran, Tania Sachdev, Bhakti Kulkarni, Savitha Shri B
2022 44th Chess Olympiad § Chennai, India Uzbekistan 19
Nodirbek Abdusattorov, Nodirbek Yakubboev, Javokhir Sindarov, Jahongir Vakhidov, Shamsiddin Vokhidov		 Armenia 19
Gabriel Sargissian, Hrant Melkumyan, Samvel Ter-Sahakyan, Manuel Petrosyan, Robert Hovhannisyan		 India 2 18
Gukesh Dommaraju, Nihal Sarin, Rameshbabu Praggnanandhaa, Adhiban Baskaran, Raunak Sadhwani
2024 45th Chess Olympiad Budapest, Hungary India 21
Gukesh Dommaraju, Rameshbabu Praggnanandhaa, Arjun Erigaisi, Vidit Gujrathi, Pentala Harikrishna		 United States 17
Fabiano Caruana, Wesley So, Leinier Domínguez, Levon Aronian, Ray Robson		 Uzbekistan 17
Nodirbek Abdusattorov, Nodirbek Yakubboev, Javokhir Sindarov, Shamsiddin Vokhidov, Jahongir Vakhidov
2026 46th Chess Olympiad Tashkent, Uzbekistan[18]
2028 47th Chess Olympiad Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates[19]

* In 1976, the Soviet Union, other Communist countries and Arabic countries did not compete for political reasons.
† FIDE organized the online olympiads in 2020 and 2021 following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.
‡ Russia and India were subsequently declared joint winners after several Indian team members experienced connectivity issues due to a global outage of Cloudflare servers in 2020 Online Chess Olympiad.
§ The 2022 event was originally planned to be held in Minsk, Belarus, but it was rescheduled to Moscow, which originally was host of the 2020 Olympiad, which was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, FIDE made a statement in February 2022 that the tournament will not take place in Russia and would be shifted to Chennai, India.

Gaprindashvili Cup

[edit]

This trophy was created by FIDE in 1997 and named after Nona Gaprindashvili, the former women's World Champion (1962–1978). The trophy is awarded to the team that has the best overall performance across the open and women's divisions.

Russia won this trophy six times, China – three times, India and Ukraine – two times each.

Year First Second Third
1998 Russia China Georgia
2000 Russia Ukraine Georgia
2002 Russia China Hungary
2004 Russia United States Armenia
2006 China Ukraine Armenia
2008 Ukraine Armenia United States
2010 Russia China Ukraine
2012 Russia China Ukraine
2014 China Russia Ukraine
2016 Ukraine United States China
2018 China Russia Ukraine
2022 India United States India 2
2024 India United States Armenia

Medal tables

[edit]

Open event

[edit]
Symbol of the 6th Chess Olympiad in Warsaw 1935 by Jerzy Steifer

The table contains the Open teams ranked by the medals won at the Chess Olympiad (not including the online or unofficial events), ranked by the number of first-place medals, ties broken by second-place medals, etc.

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 Soviet Union181019
2 United States67821
3 Russia63312
4 Hungary37212
5 Armenia3137
6 Ukraine2237
7 China2103
8 Yugoslavia16613
9 Poland1236
10 Germany1113
 Uzbekistan1113
12 India1023
13 England0336
14 Argentina0325
15 Czechoslovakia0213
16 Israel0112
 Netherlands0112
 Sweden0112
19 Bosnia and Herzegovina0101
 Denmark0101
21 West Germany0022
22 Bulgaria0011
 Estonia0011
Totals (23 entries)454545135

Open and Women's events

[edit]

The table contains teams ranked by total number of medals won at the Chess Olympiad (not including the online or unofficial events) in the Open event (since 1927) and Women's event (since 1957), ranked by the number of first-place medals, ties broken by second-place medals, etc.

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 Soviet Union293032
2 Russia96621
3 China85417
4 United States681024
5 Hungary512421
6 Ukraine45615
7 Georgia4239
8 Armenia3137
9 India2035
10 Yugoslavia17715
11 Poland1359
12 Germany1113
 Israel1113
 Uzbekistan1113
15 Romania0527
16 England0437
17 Argentina0325
18 Czechoslovakia0224
19 Bulgaria0123
20 Netherlands0112
 Sweden0112
22 Bosnia and Herzegovina0101
 Denmark0101
 Kazakhstan0101
25 East Germany0033
 West Germany0033
27 Estonia0011
 Spain0011
Totals (28 entries)757575225

Most successful players in the open section

[edit]

Boldface denotes active chess players and highest medal count among all players (including these who not included in these tables) per type.

Multiple team champions

[edit]
Rank Player Country From To Gold Silver Bronze Total
1 Tigran Petrosian  Soviet Union 1958 1978 9 1 – 10
2 Vasily Smyslov  Soviet Union 1952 1972 9 – – 9
3 Garry Kasparov  Soviet Union
 Russia		 1980 2002 8 – – 8
Mikhail Tal  Soviet Union 1958 1982 8 – – 8
5 Paul Keres  Estonia
 Soviet Union		 1939 1964 7 – 1 8
6 Efim Geller  Soviet Union 1952 1980 7 – – 7
7 Lev Polugaevsky  Soviet Union 1966 1984 6 1 – 7
Boris Spassky  Soviet Union 1962 1978 6 1 – 7
9 Mikhail Botvinnik  Soviet Union 1954 1964 6 – – 6
Anatoly Karpov  Soviet Union 1972 1988 6 – – 6
Viktor Korchnoi  Soviet Union 1960 1974 6 – – 6

Multiple team medalists

[edit]

The table shows players who have won at least 7 team medals in total at the Chess Olympiads.

Rank Player Country From To Gold Silver Bronze Total
1 Svetozar Gligorić  Yugoslavia 1950 1974 1 6 5 12
2 Tigran Petrosian  Soviet Union 1958 1978 9 1 – 10
3 Borislav Ivkov  Yugoslavia 1956 1980 – 6 4 10
4 Vasily Smyslov  Soviet Union 1952 1972 9 – – 9
5 Aleksandar Matanović  Yugoslavia 1954 1972 – 5 4 9
6 Garry Kasparov  Soviet Union
 Russia		 1980 2002 8 – – 8
Mikhail Tal  Soviet Union 1958 1982 8 – – 8
8 Paul Keres  Estonia
 Soviet Union		 1939 1964 7 – 1 8
9 Vassily (Vasyl) Ivanchuk  Soviet Union
 Ukraine		 1988 2012 4 1 3 8
10 Efim Geller  Soviet Union 1952 1980 7 – – 7
11 Lev Polugaevsky  Soviet Union 1966 1984 6 1 – 7
Boris Spassky  Soviet Union 1962 1978 6 1 – 7
13 Peter Svidler  Russia 1994 2010 5 2 – 7
14 Vladimir Kramnik  Russia 1992 2018 3 2 2 7
15 Mieczysław (Miguel) Najdorf  Poland
 Argentina		 1935 1962 – 4 3 7

Best individual results in the open section

[edit]

The best individual results in order of overall percentage are:

Rank
 Player       Country       Ol. Gms.   +     =     –    %    Individual
medals		   Number of
ind. medals		   Team medals   Number of
team medals
  1  Mikhail Tal Soviet Union 8 101  65  34   2 81.2 5 – 2 – 0 7 8 – 0 – 0 8
  2  Anatoly Karpov Soviet Union 6 68  43  23   2 80.1 3 – 0 – 0 3 6 – 0 – 0 6
  3  Tigran Petrosian Soviet Union 10 129  78  50   1 79.8 6 – 0 – 0 6 9 – 1 – 0 10
  4  Isaac Kashdan United States 5 79  52  22   5 79.7 2 – 1 – 2 5 3 – 1 – 0 4
  5  Vasily Smyslov Soviet Union 9 113  69  42   2 79.6 4 – 2 – 2 8 9 – 0 – 0 9
  6  David Bronstein Soviet Union 4 49  30  18   1 79.6 3 – 1 – 0 4 4 – 0 – 0 4
  7  Garry Kasparov Soviet Union (4)
Russia (4)		 8 82  50  29   3 78.7 3 – 1 – 2 6 8 – 0 – 0 8
  8  Alexander Alekhine France 5 72  43  27   2 78.5 2 – 2 – 0 4 0 – 0 – 0 0
  9  Milan Matulović Yugoslavia 5 78  46  28   4 76.9 1 – 2 – 0 3 0 – 2 – 2 4
10  Paul Keres Estonia (3)
Soviet Union (7)		 10 141  85  44  12 75.9 5 – 1 – 1 7 7 – 0 – 1 8
11  Efim Geller Soviet Union 7 76  46  23   7 75.7 3 – 3 – 0 6 7 – 0 – 0 7
12=  Israel Horowitz United States 4 51  29  19   3 75.5 2 – 0 – 0 2 3 – 0 – 0 3
12=  James Tarjan United States 5 51  32  13   6 75.5 2 – 0 – 1 3 1 – 0 – 3 4
14  Bobby Fischer United States 4 65  40  18   7 75.4 0 – 2 – 1 3 0 – 2 – 0 2
15  Ian Nepomniachtchi Russia 4 38  20  17   1 75.0 0 – 2 – 2 4 0 – 0 – 2 2
16  Mikhail Botvinnik Soviet Union 6 73  39  31   3 74.7 2 – 1 – 2 5 6 – 0 – 0 6
17  Amon Simutowe Zambia 4 37  23   9   5 74.3 0 – 1 – 0 1 0 – 0 – 0 0
18  Sam Shankland United States 4 35  20  12   3 74.3 1 – 0 – 0 1 1 – 1 – 0 2
19  Yu Yangyi China 4 42  22  18   2 73.8 1 – 1 – 0 2 2 – 0 – 0 2
20  Salo Flohr Czechoslovakia 5 82  46  28   8 73.2 2 – 1 – 1 4 0 – 1 – 1 2
Fischer and Tal at the 1960 Olympiad
Notes
  • Only players participating in at least four Olympiads are included in this table.
  • Medals indicated in the order gold - silver - bronze. The statistics of individual medals includes only medals which are awarding to the top three individual players on each board. The medals for overall performance rating (awarded in 1984–2006) are not included into this statistics, but are listed separately below the table.
  • Anatoly Karpov won another individual silver medal for overall performance rating. In total he won 3 gold and 1 silver individual medals.
  • Garry Kasparov played his first four Olympiads for the Soviet Union, the rest for Russia. He won another four individual gold medals and one individual silver medal for overall performance rating. In total he won 7 gold, 2 silver and 2 bronze individual medals.
  • Paul Keres played his first three Olympiads for Estonia, the rest for the Soviet Union.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Chess Olympiad

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The Chess Olympiad is the premier team competition in international chess, organized biennially by the Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE), featuring national teams in separate open and women's sections. Each participating federation fields a team of four players and one reserve, competing over 11 rounds in a Swiss system format where matches consist of four individual board games. Gold, silver, and bronze medals are awarded to the top three teams in each section, alongside individual prizes for the highest performances on each board number across all teams. The inaugural official Chess Olympiad occurred in in 1927, with claiming victory among 16 nations, marking the event's evolution from an unofficial precursor in in 1924. Since then, the and its successor have dominated, securing a combined 24 titles in the open section, underscoring the influence of state-supported chess programs in those nations. Notable individual achievements include perfect scores, such as Robert Gwaze's 9/9 in 2004, and exceptional performance ratings exceeding 2900, highlighting the tournament's role in showcasing elite talent. While the Olympiad fosters global camaraderie and competitive excellence, it has faced challenges including and accommodation issues for delegations, as well as isolated cheating allegations involving electronic devices, prompting enhanced fair-play measures by . These incidents reflect ongoing efforts to maintain integrity amid growing participation, which reached a record 196 federations in the 2024 edition.

History

Origins and Early Olympiads (1924–1939)

An unofficial precursor to the Chess Olympiad occurred during the in , where a tournament took place from July 12 to 20 at the Hotel Majestic, involving four nations: , , , and an athletic association . This event, organized amid failed efforts to include chess as an official Olympic sport due to disputes over professionalism, marked the first international competition but was not recognized as part of the official series. The Fédération Internationale des Échecs (), formed on the final day of this tournament, laid the groundwork for formalized international chess governance. FIDE organized the inaugural official Chess Olympiad in from July 18 to 29, 1927, at Westminster Central Hall, featuring 16 teams each with four players competing in a preliminary group stage followed by a final round-robin among top teams. emerged victorious with a score of 40 points, ahead of and , establishing a format of match wins awarding two team points and draws one, with individual board games contributing to the total. This event, initially termed the "International Team Tournament," solidified team sizes at four boards and emphasized national representation, primarily from European countries. Subsequent Olympiads reinforced European dominance while refining logistics and participation: the second in (1928) saw defend its title; the third in (1930) was won by ; the claimed victory in (1931) and (1933); triumphed again in (1934); and the U.S. repeated in (1935). These editions, held irregularly due to organizational challenges, saw growing entries—up to 27 teams by 1935—and adjustments like reserve players, though travel and funding limited non-European involvement. The eighth Olympiad in (1939), the first in the , ended with winning 36 points amid rising geopolitical tensions, as many European players withdrew or faced transit issues, foreshadowing World War II's halt to the series.

Post-War Revival and Institutionalization (1950s)

The 9th Chess Olympiad, held in , (now ), from August 20 to September 11, 1950, marked the resumption of the event after an 11-year interruption due to , with assuming direct organizational control to standardize administration and promote regularity. Sixteen teams participated, totaling 84 players, signaling a partial recovery in global engagement despite lingering geopolitical disruptions, as evidenced by the absence of the due to its non-membership in at the time. secured gold with 45.5 team points from 15 matches, followed by (43.5) and (40.5), in a Swiss-system format contested over four boards per team plus reserves, where lineup order followed descending player strength to maximize competitive efficacy based on individual merit rather than fixed quotas. FIDE's oversight in the 1950s stabilized the tournament's structure, enforcing consistent rules such as reserve substitutions only after the first and medal awards for top teams and individual board performances, which incentivized national federations to field optimally ranked squads. The biennial scheduling was firmly established with editions in (1952), (1954), and (1958), all won by the following its FIDE affiliation and debut victory in 1952, underscoring the event's transition to a predictable, institutionalized platform for elite national competition. In parallel, FIDE initiated the women's division with the inaugural Women's Chess Olympiad in , from September 2 to 21, 1957, featuring 16 teams in a round-robin format mirroring the men's event, won by the with superior aggregate scores over . This separate tournament, evolving toward integration as a concurrent women's section by the early , addressed growing female participation while maintaining meritocratic board ordering and reserve provisions akin to the open event, thereby broadening the Olympiad's scope under FIDE's unified governance.

Expansion During the Cold War (1960s–1980s)

Participation in the Chess Olympiad expanded significantly during the 1960s and 1970s, reflecting in and alongside aggressive chess promotion in the , which increased the number of competing teams from 40 at the 14th Olympiad in in 1960 to 88 at the 26th in in 1984. This growth enabled broader global representation, with newly independent nations joining and fielding teams, though logistical challenges in host countries limited full parity. The maintained unchallenged dominance in the open section, securing gold medals in every Olympiad from 1952 through 1990 in which it participated, totaling 20 victories attributable to state-funded chess academies and centralized talent identification that created unmatched depth in grandmaster-level players, rather than unsubstantiated claims of inherent superiority. The achieved its sole open-section gold during this era at the 22nd in in 1976, following a boycott by the and allies protesting the venue in amid geopolitical tensions unrelated to chess. Similar absences underscored how superpower rivalries disrupted competition, as the USSR's systematic investment in chess—through mandatory school programs and elite training camps—yielded rosters featuring multiple world champions and top-rated players, enabling consistent match wins via superior preparation and reserves. By contrast, Western teams, including the U.S., relied more on individual prodigies without comparable institutional support, resulting in sporadic silvers or bronzes when facing full Soviet lineups. Political interferences persisted, including the Soviet-led of the 1976 event and exclusions at the 27th in in 1986, where Israel's participation was barred due to the host nation's [Arab League](/page/Arab League) affiliations, prompting accusations of politicization from Western federations. Despite such disruptions, the tournament format stabilized with the adoption of an 11- or 14-round Swiss by the late 1960s to accommodate larger fields, replacing earlier round-robin structures and ensuring feasible pairings without excessive byes. This evolution supported sustained growth, with the USSR reclaiming dominance post-boycotts through 1990, highlighting how state orchestration of resources causally drove performance edges over ad-hoc national efforts.

Post-Cold War Growth and Modern Era (1990s–Present)

The in 1991 resulted in the emergence of independent chess federations from former republics, contributing to increased global participation and the rise of new competitive powers. , leveraging talent from this era, secured gold medals in the open section at the 37th Chess Olympiad in in 2006 and the 38th in in 2008, marking back-to-back victories for the nation. Participation numbers expanded significantly, from 127 teams in the 29th Olympiad in in 1990 to 176 teams in the open section at the 41st in in 2014, reflecting broader international engagement. Russia maintained dominance in the open section through multiple golds post-1990s, including victories in 1992, 1994, 1996, 2000, 2002, 2010, 2012, and 2014, until suspended Russian and Belarusian teams from international competitions in March 2022 following the invasion of . This exclusion opened opportunities for other nations, exemplified by 's ascent; hosting the 44th Olympiad in in 2022 with 187 open teams, previewed its strength before achieving a historic sweep at the 45th in in 2024, winning gold in both open (21 out of 22 match points) and women's sections. earned bronze in the open at while preparing to host the 46th Olympiad in 2026, with selected for the 47th in 2028. Digital streaming has amplified the event's reach without compromising competitive standards, as evidenced by the 45th Olympiad attracting over 350 million global viewers through online platforms, with peaks exceeding 136,000 concurrent watchers on Twitch and . This surge aligns with broader chess viewership growth, yet the biennial format upholds rigorous team-based among national squads.

Competition Format

Team Composition and Player Eligibility

Teams in the Chess Olympiad consist of four principal players and one reserve in both the open and women's sections. National chess federations, which must be FIDE members, select their representatives based on criteria such as FIDE ratings, recent tournament performances, and internal federation policies, without FIDE-mandated qualification processes beyond eligibility rules. The reserve player may substitute for any board during the tournament, typically before a round begins, to address absences or strategic adjustments. Players are assigned to boards in descending order of playing strength, with board one designated for the strongest player, as determined primarily by current standard ratings at the time of team declaration. This ordering influences board pairings in matches, where opponents are matched sequentially (board 1 vs. board 1, etc.), and contributes to team average ratings used in the pairing to balance matchups between higher- and lower-seeded teams. Federations must submit team rosters in advance, including ratings, to enable these calculations. Player eligibility is governed by FIDE's separate Eligibility Regulations, requiring registration with a national through , , or established representation , such as long-term commitment to the federation without a mandatory residency period. Dual citizens must choose one for representation, and transfers between federations are restricted by waiting periods to prevent frequent switches. There are no age restrictions, allowing juniors and seniors alike to compete if selected. Historically, early Olympiads from 1927 adhered to amateur-only participation to mirror standards, excluding professional players and limiting entries to non-monetary competitors. By the 1930s, abandoned this distinction, permitting professionals and world champions to participate, a shift formalized post-World War II as chess professionalized and federations prioritized strength over amateur status. The open section imposes no restrictions, permitting players of any to represent their on mixed or all-male/ teams. The women's section, introduced in as a parallel event, follows identical composition rules but is restricted to players to promote participation amid disparities in overall female representation.

Tournament Structure, Rounds, and Scoring System

The Chess Olympiad utilizes a format over 11 rounds, teams based on their cumulative match scores to ensure opponents of comparable strength, thereby fostering game-theoretic fairness in team competitions. Each round features simultaneous team matches, with pairings governed by FIDE's Olympiad Pairing Rules to avoid repeats and maintain balance. In a standard , field four players on designated boards (one through four), plus one reserve who may substitute, resulting in four individual games. Scoring per game awards 1 point for a win, 0.5 points for a draw, and 0 for a loss, aggregating to game points for the . A securing more game points (e.g., 3–1 or 2.5–1.5) wins the and earns 2 , while equal game points yield a drawn with 1 each; the inferior receives 0 . The maximum score per is thus 2 and 4 game points. Final team standings prioritize total match points from the 11 rounds. Ties are broken sequentially by the Sonneborn-Berger score—a modified sum of scores against defeated opponents, truncated to the top 10 (IS(10))—followed by total game points, then the sum of opponents' match points. This system rewards strength of opposition while accounting for overall performance. Individual board medals (gold, silver, bronze) honor the top three performers per board across all teams, calculated via tournament performance rating (TPR) for players completing at least eight games; unresolved ties proceed to games played, then drawing of lots. The adoption of the Swiss system evolved from early round-robin formats, which proved unscalable as participant numbers grew beyond dozens to over 100 teams per event, allowing feasible pairings without exhaustive all-play-all schedules.

Time Controls, Rules, and Anti-Doping Measures

The for games in the Chess Olympiad is 90 minutes for the first 40 moves, followed by 30 minutes for the remainder of the game, with a 30-second increment added after every move starting from move one. This format, which applies to both the open and women's sections, ensures sufficient reflection time for complex positions while preventing excessively prolonged games. Historically, adjournments—where unfinished games were sealed and resumed later—were common in earlier Olympiads due to analog clocks and limited session times, but they were phased out by the with the adoption of digital clocks featuring increment mechanisms that mitigate time pressure. Play adheres to the Laws of Chess, including the requiring players to move any piece they touch (unless illegal) and prohibiting take-backs or consultations during a game. Fair play measures mandate that players and team captains possess no unapproved electronic devices during sessions, with violations resulting in game forfeiture or result reversal; for instance, in the 2024 Olympiad, the result on board four of the Lebanon-Egypt match was reversed after post-game anti-cheating checks detected an electronic device. Additional protocols, such as scans and randomized seating, reinforce integrity against external aids. FIDE integrates anti-doping under the (WADA) code, with random testing for substances like stimulants (e.g., amphetamines, ) that could enhance cognitive endurance, though no positive tests have been recorded at Chess Olympiads to date, reflecting the event's emphasis on mental acuity over physical performance. Violations, including refusal to provide samples or possession of banned items, incur suspensions, but enforcement in chess remains infrequent given the sport's low incidence of physiological doping advantages. Since 2000, only two players have had their scores vacated for refusing to undergo testing, both in 2004.

Organization and Governance

FIDE's Oversight and Administration

The International Chess Federation (), established on July 20, 1924, in during the first unofficial Chess Olympiad, functions as the supreme governing body for international chess competitions, including the official Chess Olympiad, which it has administered as its premier team event since the inaugural edition in 1927 in . standardizes the tournament through detailed regulations covering team eligibility, match formats, and conduct, enforced by the President, the Council for strategic oversight, and specialized bodies such as the Global Strategy Commission (GSC), which drafts event-specific rules, and the Events Commission, which supervises pairing systems and operational protocols. These mechanisms ensure uniformity across editions, evolving from pre-war arrangements to a structured framework that mitigates disputes over player representation and scoring. The Chess Olympiad operates on a biennial cycle in even-numbered years, a consistency formalized after when no editions occurred from 1940 to 1948 due to global conflict; earlier events from 1927 to 1939 followed irregular intervals, sometimes annually. Political tensions have occasionally disrupted participation, notably the Soviet Union's boycott of the 1976 Olympiad in over host selection, though proceeded with the event to uphold its autonomy. 's administrative delegation includes appointing officers and sub-committees for on-site control of play, appeals, and logistics in collaboration with local organizers, prioritizing empirical adherence to rules like the Swiss system and board-specific rotations. Funding for the Olympiad derives primarily from FIDE's central budget, which allocated €2.7 million for the event in the 2023–2024 , covering operational costs, with additional support from host subsidies, entry fees from national federations, and corporate sponsorships. This financial model reflects a transition from amateur-era reliance on volunteerism and minimal stipends to semi-professional standards, incorporating travel subsidies for delegations and modest team prizes—typically under $10,000 total in recent editions—contrasting with multimillion-dollar individual championships. Post-1990s reforms, amid criticisms of earlier politicization and internal factionalism, introduced enhanced transparency measures, such as the FIDE Council's executive powers and mechanisms for , reducing reliance on opaque decision-making evident in Cold War-era boycotts and elections. These changes, driven by FIDE statutes updates, emphasize verifiable processes over influence peddling, though historical analyses note persistent challenges from national federation politics.

Host Selection Process and Venues

The selection of hosts for the Chess Olympiad is governed by through a formal bidding process outlined in its regulations. initiates the procedure no later than five years before the scheduled event, requiring potential organizers to submit bids on prescribed forms that include detailed proposals for venue facilities, financial guarantees, security arrangements, and logistical support. Bids are assessed by 's executive bodies, with final approval typically granted by the FIDE General Assembly or based on compliance with technical standards, such as adequate playing hall space (at least 5 square meters per board), spectator separation, , and proximity to accommodations. Key evaluation criteria emphasize infrastructure capable of handling up to 200 teams and 1,000 players, robust facilitation to ensure broad participation, and measures to mitigate security risks, as visa denials or delays have historically disrupted events. For example, the in , , in 2018 saw teams from and other nations encounter visa processing issues, resulting in shortened stays or forfeits that compromised their performance. Neutral venues, selected without geopolitical favoritism, promote merit-based competition by reducing boycotts and enabling diverse national teams to compete unhindered. Recent Olympiads illustrate varying venue impacts. The 44th event in 2022 was hosted in , , at the Mahabalipuram Resort & Convention Center, a seaside facility 60 kilometers south of the city center that accommodated over 180 teams despite pandemic-related adaptations. In contrast, the 45th Olympiad in , Hungary, in 2024 succeeded logistically with efficient operations supporting record crowds and India's unprecedented double team gold, highlighting the benefits of European infrastructure for seamless execution. The 46th Olympiad, set for September 2026, will occur in Samarkand, Uzbekistan, at the International Exhibition Center, reflecting FIDE's inspections for compliance with playing venue guidelines. FIDE employs no fixed rotational system for hosts, instead favoring bids from emerging markets to expand chess's global footprint, as evidenced by the shift toward Asian venues like in 2022 and in 2026 following European and , Georgia, hosts. This approach prioritizes venues that enhance accessibility for developing federations while addressing past failures through stringent pre-event audits.

Recent and Upcoming Events

won the open section gold at the 36th Chess Olympiad in , , in 2004, scoring 39.5 points out of 56 possible. claimed consecutive open section victories at the 37th in , , in 2006 with 36 points, and the 38th in , , in 2008. The , hosted in , , from July 28 to August 10, 2022, set participation records with 188 teams in the open section representing 186 nations and 162 teams in the women's section from 160 nations. took open gold ahead of and host , which earned bronze. In response to Russia's of in February 2022, suspended the Russian and Belarusian federations on , 2022, prohibiting their national teams from competing in events like the ; this ban was upheld through 2024. India achieved a historic double at the 45th Chess Olympiad in Budapest, Hungary, from September 10 to 23, 2024, winning both open and women's golds with 21 match points in the open section, the first such feat by any nation since the sections' inception. Uzbekistan secured open bronze, continuing their rise after the 2022 win. The event drew record online viewership exceeding 350 million globally. The 46th Chess Olympiad is set for 2026 in , awarded following their 2024 performance. , , will host the 47th edition from October 28 to November 11, 2028.

Results in the Open Section

Team Performances and Winners

The open section of the Chess Olympiad has been dominated by the and its successor state , which together have won 24 gold medals, far exceeding any other nation's total. The has secured 5 golds, while holds 3. This disparity reflects the Soviet program's systematic investment in chess talent development from the mid-20th century onward, yielding consistent top performances across multiple editions. The USSR claimed gold in 18 Olympiads from 1952 to 1990, including streaks of 7 consecutive wins (1952–1968) and 6 more after a brief interruption (1978–1990). An exception occurred in 1976 at the 22nd Olympiad in , where the USSR withdrew in protest against the host nation's location, enabling the to win gold with a score of 37 out of 60 possible game points. Post-Soviet era results show greater parity, with taking additional golds in 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000, and 2002, though competition intensified from teams like (golds in 2014 and 2018) and (2012). The claimed its fifth gold in 2016 in , scoring 20 match points from 11 rounds. In recent editions, has emerged as a powerhouse, winning gold in 2022 in with 19 match points and again in 2024 in with a record 21 match points from 11 rounds (10 wins, 1 draw), remaining undefeated and outscoring the field by 4 points. earned bronze in 2024 with 17 match points, signaling a surge alongside Armenia's prior success. These outcomes highlight shifts driven by rapid talent growth in , with India's 2024 team averaging an Elo rating of 2753 across boards.
Nation/TeamGold Medals
24
5
3
2
2
2
Others (1 each: , , , , etc.)Various

Individual Board Medals and Standout Games

Individual board medals in the open section are awarded to the top three players on each board (typically boards 1 through 4 and reserve) based on the highest percentages, calculated from at that board position, with a minimum of eight games required for eligibility. , silver, and recognize exceptional individual contributions that bolster team outcomes, independent of national team rankings. These prizes, governed by regulations, emphasize score efficiency over absolute points, accounting for opponents' strengths via performance ratings. Historical standouts include , whose aggressive style yielded gold on board three at the 1958 Munich Olympiad, where he scored highly through tactical sacrifices that exemplified his dynamic approach to the game. also dominated in the 1960s, achieving near-perfect scores like 13/14 on board one at the 1960 Leipzig Olympiad, though he did not secure top-board gold medals due to scoring thresholds or participation limits in some events. More recently, has amassed multiple individual medals across Olympiads, including bronze on board one at the 2024 Budapest event with a robust performance rating amid Norway's competitive showing. In the held in in September 2024, India's D. Gukesh claimed gold on board one with an outstanding 9/10 score, yielding a performance rating exceeding 3000 and marking one of the strongest individual showings in history. similarly won gold on board three, while Nguyen Thai Dai Van took board two gold, underscoring emerging talents' precision in high-stakes team play. These results propelled India's open team to victory, with Gukesh's consistency against elite opposition highlighting causal factors like preparation and tactical acuity over mere volume of play. Standout games from medal contenders often feature sacrificial motifs or endgame precision that swing team matches. Tal's Munich clash against Zdravko Milev in the Tarrasch Defense saw the Latvian sacrifice a pawn with 16. Be3 to unleash piece activity, culminating in a winning attack that demonstrated superior dynamic assessment and contributed to his board gold. Similarly, Fischer's 1960 Leipzig encounter with involved a French Defense where the American's 17-year-old insight into positional imbalances led to a decisive queenside breakthrough, underscoring his rapid rise. In 2024, Gukesh's victories, such as against top seeds, exemplified modern endgame dominance, with calculated risks in middlegame structures proving pivotal for India's success.

Results in the Women's Section

Team Performances and Gaprindashvili Trophy Winners

The women's section of the Chess Olympiad has operated independently since its inception in , mirroring the open section's format of four-player teams competing over multiple rounds with match points determining standings. The established unparalleled dominance, winning every edition from 1957 through 1992—a span encompassing 11 consecutive golds—thanks to a depth of elite players including multiple world champions. Following the USSR's dissolution, successor states and other nations rose: secured three titles, Georgia four, and six, reflecting shifts in global chess development amid increased participation, which grew from around 20 teams in early events to over 180 by 2024. Standout performances highlight emerging powers. The claimed gold in 2004 at , , led by players like , and repeated in 2006 at Turin, Italy, demonstrating sustained board strength. China's victories, including in 2018 at Batumi, Georgia, underscored their systematic training programs yielding consistent medal contention. In 2024 at , , India captured their maiden title with 19 match points from 11 rounds, edging Kazakhstan's 18 points; key wins featured and on lower boards, marking a breakthrough for Indian women's chess amid broader participation growth. The Trophy, named for the Georgian-born grandmaster who won the Women's World Championship from 1962 to 1978 and pioneered mixed-gender grandmaster status, was introduced in 2008 to recognize the nation with the strongest combined open and women's results—often correlating with robust women's teams echoing the Soviet era's integrated excellence from the 1970s onward. retained it in after topping both sections, following prior wins by powers like and that leveraged dual-section depth.

Individual Achievements and Notable Contributions

of secured individual gold medals on board one in the women's section at the 1984, 1988, and 2022 Chess Olympiads, with her 2022 performance yielding 9.5 points out of 11 for a 2532 rating performance in . Her longevity underscores sustained excellence amid evolving competition, having debuted in 1978 and competing into her 50s. Hou Yifan of earned an individual gold on board two with 7.5/9 points, contributing to team successes including golds in and subsequent editions, reflecting her peak rating above 2600 and strategic prowess in team formats. of demonstrated consistency across multiple Olympiads, including a bronze on board one in 2022 with strong positional play, despite historical resource disparities limiting depth in women's training pipelines compared to open sections. In the 2024 Budapest Olympiad, Zhu Jiner of China claimed board one gold, highlighting emerging talents with precise endgame execution in key matches. Indian teenagers Divya Deshmukh (board three) and Vantika Agrawal (board four) secured individual golds, with Deshmukh's aggressive style yielding high scores against rated opponents above 2400, signaling narrowing gaps in youth development and participation parity as women's entries exceeded 180 teams. These breakthroughs parallel open-section advances by female players like Judit Polgár, who won multiple board golds in mixed events with scores exceeding 8/11, challenging assumptions of inherent divides through raw calculation and preparation.

Statistics and Records

Most Successful National Teams

The Soviet Union dominated the open section, securing 18 gold medals from the 11th Chess Olympiad in 1952 through the 29th in 1990, often with overwhelming scores reflecting the depth of Soviet chess training systems. , inheriting much of this legacy post-dissolution, added four more golds in the 31st (1994, ), 32nd (1996, ), 35th (2000, ), and 36th (2002, ) Olympiads. Combined, these teams hold 22 open golds out of 45 events held through 2024, far exceeding other nations' totals.
NationGold Medals (Open Section)
22
5
3
2
India1 (45th, 2024, )
The achieved early dominance with consecutive wins from the 4th to 6th Olympiads (1931–1935 in , , and ) and the 8th (1937, ), plus a later victory in the 22nd (1976, ) amid competition. claimed golds in the inaugural 1st Olympiad (1927, ) and two others in the pre-World War II era. India's breakthrough came in the 45th Olympiad on September 22, 2024, with a perfect final-round performance to clinch gold ahead of the and . In the women's section, introduced as a separate competition from the 4th Olympiad (1960, ) onward—though informal women's events occurred earlier—the amassed 11 golds, leveraging similar institutional support that fueled open-section success. contributed three more (e.g., 37th in 2006, ; 39th in 2010, ), yielding a combined 14 golds, one silver, and one bronze for these successor entities through 2024.
NationGold Medals (Women's Section)
/14
6
Georgia4
2
1 (45th, 2024, )
China's six golds since the 1980s reflect rapid development in player training, with wins including the 27th (1988, ) and recent editions like the 43rd (2018, ). Georgia earned four golds post-independence, notably in 1992, 1996, 2008, and 2012, driven by players like . India's 2024 women's gold, alongside their open triumph, marked the nation's first double victory and highlighted emerging talent pools outside traditional powerhouses.

Top Individual Players and Multiple Medalists

Anatoly Karpov holds the record for the most individual gold medals in the open section, with nine across appearances from 1972 to 1988, contributing to six team golds for the Soviet Union. Viktor Korchnoi amassed two individual golds (on board 2 in 1958 and reserve in 1960) alongside six team golds in 14 Olympiads for the USSR and Switzerland, playing a record 179 games with a lifetime score exceeding 70%. Other Soviet-era standouts include Tigran Petrosian and Boris Spassky, each securing multiple board golds through consistent top performances in the 1950s–1970s, often on boards 1 or 2. In the modern era, Magnus Carlsen has posted performance ratings above 2800 in several Olympiads (e.g., 2820 in 2014) but lacks an individual gold as of the 45th Olympiad in 2024, where he earned silver on board 1. In the women's section, Nona Gaprindashvili earned nine individual golds en route to 25 total medals, including a perfect 10/10 score on board 1 in 1986, spanning 11 team golds from 1969 to 1990. Maia Chiburdanidze follows closely with five individual golds and nine team golds across 15 Olympiads from 1978 to 2008, highlighted by strong reserve and board 1 results in the 1980s. Judit Polgár stands out for cross-section achievements, securing two individual golds in the women's event (1988, 1990) before transitioning to open competition, where she won a team silver in 2000 and individual recognition for elite performances, such as her board 3 role in Hungary's 1990 bronze.
PlayerSectionIndividual Gold MedalsNotable Olympiads
Open91972–1988 (e.g., board 1 gold, 1972)
Women's91969–1990 (10/10, 1986)
Open21958, 1960 (14 appearances total)
Women's51978–2008 (board 1 golds, 1980s)

Controversies and Challenges

Cheating Allegations and Fair Play Enforcement

FIDE enforces fair play at Chess Olympiads through mandatory anti-cheating measures, including pre-game scans for electronic devices, prohibition of all phones and communicators in the playing hall, and post-game statistical analysis of moves against chess engines using approved algorithms like that developed by Kenneth Regan. These protocols, outlined in FIDE's Fair Play Regulations, presume if analysis shows moves exceeding typical human performance thresholds, though no such confirmed cases of engine-assisted play have been documented at Olympiads, unlike frequent online incidents. One notable case occurred at the 2010 Olympiad, where French players Sébastien Feller, Arnaud Hauchard, and Cyril Marzolo faced allegations of organized cheating via text messages and signaling from the team captain to Feller on board four. The French Chess Federation's investigation revealed over 100 messages coordinating moves, leading to suspensions: Marzolo for five years, Hauchard for three, and Feller (who earned an individual ) for a period upheld after appeals, though he denied intent and cited leaked private communications as evidence. At the 2024 Budapest Olympiad, two forfeits resulted from detected electronic devices: in round three, Lebanese player Assaad Y. Al-Zein lost on forfeit to Egypt's Adham Fawzy after a was found during post-game checks, reversing his win; a similar incident involved an Argentine player against . rules strictly ban any electronic components, regardless of functionality, to prevent potential aid, enforcing immediate game forfeiture without requiring proof of use. Former world champion , coaching in 2024, filed a formal complaint alleging mobile phones recorded India's boards during their match, claiming violation of FIDE's no-electronics rule in the playing area. FIDE's Fair Play Commission inspected and dismissed the claim, finding no prohibited devices or evidence of impropriety, highlighting the rarity of substantiated Olympiad violations amid heightened scrutiny—fewer than a handful over 45 editions—due to robust oversight preserving competitive integrity.

Organizational Issues, Visas, and Political Disputes

The Chess Olympiad has encountered recurring organizational hurdles tied to host country visa policies and geopolitical tensions, often resulting in team withdrawals or delayed arrivals that undermine equitable competition. In the held in , , from September 1 to 14, 2016, 's national team the event due to longstanding hostilities with the host nation, exacerbated by 's territorial disputes with over ; this absence deprived participants of facing one of the world's top teams, which had won gold medals in prior editions. Similarly, the 23rd Chess Olympiad in , , in 1976 saw a by the and countries in protest against 's policies, leading to their non-participation and a fragmented field that favored non-boycotting nations like the , which claimed gold. These political exclusions have persisted into recent events, notably with 's suspension of Russian and Belarusian teams from the following Russia's invasion of on February 24, 2022; the event, originally slated for , was relocated to , , to ensure broader accessibility amid sanctions barring aggressor states from official competitions. In September 2024, during the in , delegates voted 66-41 to uphold these bans on Russian and Belarusian federations, rejecting proposals to lift restrictions despite arguments from some members that prolonged exclusions harm chess development; this decision, influenced by 's advocacy and Western-aligned federations, maintained the policy of excluding national teams while allowing individual neutrals in select events under flags. has mitigated some impacts by permitting neutral participation in non-team formats or relocating venues, but host politics continue to causally link state policies to participation barriers, as seen when Russia's 2022 hosting bid collapsed due to invasion-related backlash. Visa and accommodation logistics have compounded these issues, particularly in the in , , from September 10 to 23, 2024, where up to 60 federations reported visa delays or denials, primarily affecting African and Asian teams; this led to several delegations missing the opening rounds or arriving incomplete, with 's Schengen visa processing cited as a bottleneck despite 's pre-event coordination efforts. Organizational scandals included overcharging for accommodations, with delegations facing tripled rates or demands for extra fees to house teams together—a standard expectation in prior Olympiads—prompting complaints from federations like Bosnia and Herzegovina's, where Grandmaster Ivan Sokolov highlighted exorbitant hotel costs exceeding normal rates. acknowledged these as perennial challenges but attributed some to late registrations, though empirical patterns suggest host bureaucratic inefficiencies and insufficient contingency planning directly impair smaller federations' competitiveness.

References

  1. https://www.fide.com/FIDE/handbook/chess_olympiad_regulations.pdf
  2. https://handbook.fide.com/files/handbook/Olympiad2024.pdf
  3. https://www.chess.com/article/view/chess-olympiad-trivia
  4. https://sportstar.thehindu.com/chess/chess-olympiad-2024-all-time-winners-list-history-most-titles-gold-medals/article68608439.ece
  5. https://www.fide.com/remarkable-performances-at-chess-olympiads/
  6. https://www.chessdom.com/scandal-with-accommodation-and-visas-at-the-chess-olympiad-2024/
  7. https://www.reddit.com/r/chess/comments/1fgnm9b/player_forfeited_at_the_chess_olympiad_for/
  8. https://www.fide.com/chess-olympiad-open-section-who-will-reign-supreme-in-budapest/
  9. https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chess.pl?tid=98050
  10. https://www.chess.com/terms/chess-olympiad
  11. https://www.olimpbase.org/1927/1927eng.html
  12. https://www.olimpbase.org/1950/1950in.html
  13. https://www.dubrovnikchessmen.com/IX-chess-olympiad-dubrovnik.html
  14. https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chesscollection?cid=1008624
  15. https://smca64.com/history-of-chess-olympiads/
  16. https://www.olimpbase.org/1957w/1957in.html
  17. https://www.olimpbase.org/1960/1960in.html
  18. https://thessaloniki2013.fide.com/en/component/content/article/1-news-en/215-chess-olympiads-in-thessaloniki
  19. https://www.chess.com/article/view/russian-chess-history
  20. https://www.stlpr.org/arts/2017-11-09/on-chess-the-history-of-the-united-states-in-chess-olympiads
  21. https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/heritage/giant-chess-pieces-cold-war-intrigue-and-an-emirati-gold-the-story-of-dubai-s-1986-chess-olympiad-1.803571
  22. https://www.chess.com/terms/swiss-chess
  23. https://en.chessbase.com/post/throwback-thursday-armenia-olympic-golds
  24. https://www.facebook.com/Norway2014/
  25. https://www.chess.com/news/view/fide-softens-stance-on-russian-teams-ecu-others-protest
  26. https://www.fide.com/44th-chess-olympiad-participating-teams-announced/
  27. https://www.fide.com/india-triumphs-at-45th-chess-olympiad-winning-both-open-and-womens-competitions/
  28. https://www.chess.com/events/2024-fide-chess-olympiad-open/results
  29. https://www.fide.com/abu-dhabi-and-fide-sign-agreement-for-47th-chess-olympiad/
  30. https://hungarytoday.hu/record-breaking-viewing-figures-set-for-the-budapest-chess-olympiad/
  31. https://chesswatch.com/news/45th-fide-chess-olympiad-2024-viewership
  32. https://www.statista.com/topics/12232/chess/
  33. https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/B042018
  34. https://www.chessbazaar.com/blog/what-is-a-chess-olympiad/
  35. https://www.uscfsales.com/chess-blog/chess-olympiad-guide/
  36. https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/TransgenderRegulations
  37. https://www.chess.com/blog/RoaringPawn/swiss-chess-potpourri
  38. https://handbook.fide.com/files/handbook/Olympiad2026MainCompetition.pdf
  39. https://www.reddit.com/r/chess/comments/1dcggdn/til_that_back_when_adjournments_were_a_thing_gm/
  40. https://www.chessdom.com/result-reversed-after-anti-cheating-control-at-the-chess-olympiad/
  41. https://chess.stackexchange.com/questions/46968/are-there-any-banned-substances-that-would-give-chess-players-an-edge
  42. https://www.asser.nl/SportsLaw/Blog/post/chess-and-doping-two-ships-passing-in-the-night-by-salomeja-zaksaite-postdoctoral-researcher-at-mykolas-romeris-university-lithuania-and-woman-international-chess-master-wim
  43. https://www.chess.com/terms/fide-chess
  44. https://www.fide.com/the-new-fide-charter-what-is-it/
  45. https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/D0201
  46. https://www.chess.com/news/view/2022-fide-chess-olympiad-inauguration
  47. https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/C01
  48. https://thechessdrum.net/blog/2018/03/17/rwanda-chess-set-for-2018-olympiad/
  49. https://www.fide.com/chennai-to-host-the-2022-chess-olympiad/
  50. https://www.chess.com/news/view/chess-olympiad-2024-14-things-we-learned
  51. https://www.fide.com/fide-delegation-visits-uzbekistan-to-inspect-preparations-for-46th-chess-olympiad/
  52. https://www.chessdom.com/chess-olympiad-2026-is-in-uzbekistan/
  53. https://chess-results.com/tnr1881.aspx
  54. https://chess-results.com/tnr3410.aspx
  55. https://chess-results.com/tnr653631.aspx
  56. https://www.reuters.com/sports/chess-governing-body-fide-softens-stance-some-banned-russian-belarusian-players-2024-09-22/
  57. https://www.fide.com/fide-president-visits-uzbekistan/
  58. https://www.chess.com/article/view/the-chess-olympiad-by-the-numbers
  59. https://www.olimpbase.org/1994/1994in.html
  60. https://worldchesshof.org/program/global-moves-americans-in-chess-olympiads/
  61. https://chess-results.com/tnr967173.aspx
  62. https://khelnow.com/chess/chess-olympiad-past-winners-list-202410
  63. https://www.chess.com/news/view/budapest-2024-fide-chess-olympiad-india-wins
  64. https://www.fide.com/triumphant-moments-celebrating-the-winners-of-45th-chess-olympiad/
  65. https://www.chessdom.com/board-medals-from-chess-olympiad-2024/
  66. https://en.chessbase.com/post/chess-olympiad-2024-r11
  67. https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1139379
  68. https://www.nytimes.com/1963/10/12/archives/world-chess-olympiad-won-by-soviet-unions-women.html
  69. https://www.fide.com/women-and-records-in-the-spotlight-at-45th-chess-olympiad/
  70. https://www.chess.com/events/2024-fide-womens-chess-olympiad/results
  71. https://museum.fide.com/exhibits/gaprindashvili-cup
  72. https://sportstar.thehindu.com/chess/chess-olympiad-2024-india-gaprindashvili-trophy-retain-open-women-performance-medals/article68670660.ece
  73. https://www.facebook.com/ChessFIDE/videos/-the-moment-india-receives-the-gaprindashvili-cup-india-takes-home-all-3-trophie/1534765370484142/
  74. https://www.chessdom.com/gm-pia-cramling-wins-her-third-individual-gold-44-years-after-debuting-in-chess-olympiad/
  75. https://en.chessbase.com/post/ten-highlights-in-the-life-and-career-of-chess-grandmaster-pia-cramling
  76. https://worldchesshof.org/inductee/pia-cramling/
  77. https://www.chess.com/players/hou-yifan
  78. https://www.instagram.com/p/C_0ZNw0SSiw/?hl=en
  79. https://www.chessdom.com/board-medals-from-women-chess-olympiad-2024/
  80. https://www.chess.com/players/judit-polgar
  81. https://sportstar.thehindu.com/chess/chess-olympiad-2024-all-time-winners-list-history-most-titles-gold-medals-india-hungary-gold-win/article68671370.ece
  82. https://www.abc.net.au/asia/india-wins-historic-double-gold-at-chess-olympiad/104390114
  83. https://www.chess.com/blog/ahammadibnamazhar/anatoly-karpov-the-silent-killer-of-chess
  84. https://chessp.com/en/player-profile/karpov
  85. https://theweekinchess.com/chessnews/obituaries/viktor-korchnoi-1931-2016
  86. http://www.chessdiagonals.ch/402840510.html
  87. https://en.chessbase.com/post/chess-olympiad-2024-celebrations
  88. https://www.chess.com/players/nona-gaprindashvili
  89. https://www.chess.com/players/maia-chiburdanidze
  90. https://handbook.fide.com/files/handbook/FPL_Regulations_2024.pdf
  91. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9064724/
  92. https://www.chess.com/news/view/french-cheating-disciplinary-committee-says-guilty
  93. https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/apr/01/france-grandmasters-suspended-suspicion-cheating
  94. https://www.chessdom.com/second-case-of-device-found-at-the-chess-olympiad-2024/
  95. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/chess-olympiad-fide-fair-play-team-silences-vladimir-kramnik/articleshow/113563538.cms
  96. https://www.firstpost.com/sports/chess-olympiad-2024-vladimir-kramnik-complaint-vs-india-13818156.html
  97. https://jam-news.net/armenians-wont-come-to-baku/
  98. https://www.chess.com/news/view/2022-fide-olympiad-not-in-russia
  99. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0kjgxj40y1o
  100. https://www.chessdom.com/chess-olympiad-2024-up-to-60-federations-with-visa-issues/
  101. https://thechessdrum.net/blog/2024/09/12/chess-olympiad-begins-visagate-rages/
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.