A cholera vaccine is a vaccine that is effective at reducing the risk of contracting cholera. The recommended cholera vaccines are administered orally to elicit local immune responses in the gut, where the intestinal cells produce antibodies against Vibrio cholerae, the bacteria responsible for the illness. This immune response was poorly achieved with the injectable vaccines that were used until the 1970s. The first effective oral cholera vaccine was Dukoral, developed in Sweden in the 1980s. For the first six months after vaccination it provides about 85% protection, which decreases to approximately 60% during the first two years. When enough of the population is immunized, it may protect those who have not been immunized thereby increasing the total protective impact to more than 90 % (known as herd immunity).

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of three oral cholera vaccines – Dukoral, Shanchol, and Euvichol-Plus – in combination with other measures among those at high risk for cholera. Two vaccine doses with a one to six week interval are typically recommended. The duration of protection is at least two years in adults and six months in children aged one to five years. A live, attenuated single-dose oral vaccine is available for those traveling to an area where cholera is common but is not WHO approved for public health use.

The available types of oral cholera vaccine are generally considered safe for most of the population. These vaccines were shown to be safe in pregnancy and in those with poor immune function. The main side effects that could be experienced include mild abdominal pain or diarrhea.

The first cholera vaccines were developed in the late 19th century. They were the first widely used vaccines that were made in a laboratory but were largely abandoned in the 1970s due to their then-documented reactogenicity and poor efficacy.

Oral cholera vaccines were first introduced in the 1990s. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

These vaccines are licensed for use in more than 60 countries. In countries where the disease is common, the vaccine appears to be cost-effective.

In the late 20th century, oral cholera vaccines started to be used on a massive scale, with millions of vaccinations taking place, as a tool to control cholera outbreaks in addition to the traditional interventions of improving safe water supplies, sanitation, handwashing, and other means of improving hygiene. The Dukoral vaccine, which combines formalin- and heat-killed whole cells of Vibrio cholerae O1 and a recombinant cholera toxin B subunit, was licensed in 1991 and has been used widely, mainly for travellers. The Shanchol bivalent vaccine, which combines the O1 and O139 serogroups, was originally developed in Vietnam under the name mORCVAX in 1997 and given in 20 million doses in Vietnam's public health programme during the following decade through targeted mass vaccination of school-aged children in cholera endemic regions.

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends both preventive and reactive use of the vaccine, making the following key statements: