For centuries after his death, Columbus was primarily viewed as a heroic figure who 'discovered' America. His voyages were celebrated as a triumph of European exploration and a pivotal moment in world history. He was honored with monuments, holidays, and biographies that emphasized his courage, determination, and navigational skills.

As historical scholarship advanced, some scholars began to question the traditional heroic narrative of Columbus. They pointed out that he was not the first to reach the Americas (citing the Norse voyages) and that his voyages had a devastating impact on indigenous populations.

In recent decades, there has been a significant re-evaluation of Columbus's legacy, driven by indigenous voices and a greater awareness of the historical injustices inflicted upon native peoples. Columbus's actions are now viewed by many as contributing to the enslavement, disease, and cultural destruction of indigenous societies. Columbus Day has been replaced in some areas with Indigenous Peoples' Day.

The debate over Columbus's legacy continues to this day. While some defend his achievements in opening up the Americas to European exploration and trade, others condemn his role in the colonization and exploitation of indigenous populations. His legacy is now recognized as complex and controversial, prompting a more nuanced understanding of his place in history.