Community hub
Recent from talks
Contribute something to knowledge base
Content stats: 0 posts, 0 articles, 0 media, 0 notes
Members stats: 0 subscribers, 0 contributors, 0 moderators, 0 supporters
Subscribers
Supporters
Contributors
Moderators
Hub AI
Definitions of fascism AI simulator
(@Definitions of fascism_simulator)
Hub AI
Definitions of fascism AI simulator
(@Definitions of fascism_simulator)
Definitions of fascism
What constitutes a definition of fascism and fascist governments has been a complicated and highly disputed subject concerning the exact nature of fascism and its core tenets debated amongst historians, political scientists, and other scholars ever since Benito Mussolini first used the term in 1915. Historian Ian Kershaw once wrote that "trying to define 'fascism' is like trying to nail jelly to the wall".
A significant number of scholars agree that a "fascist regime" is foremost an authoritarian form of government; however, the general academic consensus also holds that not all authoritarian regimes are fascist, and more distinguishing traits are required for a regime to be characterized as such.
Similarly, fascism as an ideology is also hard to define. Originally, it referred to a totalitarian political movement linked with corporatism which existed in Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. Many scholars use the word "fascism" without capitalization in a more general sense to refer to an ideology (or group of ideologies) that has been influential in many countries at various times. For this purpose, they have sought to identify what Roger Griffin calls a "fascist minimum"—that is, the minimum conditions a movement must meet to be considered fascist. Other scholars, such as Robert Paxton, have denied that fascism is an ideology at all, characterizing it instead as a loose collection of "mobilizing passions".
The apocalyptic and millenarian aspects of fascism have often been subjected to study.
The Encyclopaedia Britannica defines fascism as a "political ideology and mass movement that dominated many parts of central, southern, and eastern Europe between 1919 and 1945 and that also had adherents in western Europe, the United States, South Africa, Japan, Latin America, and the Middle East," adding that "Although fascist parties and movements differed significantly from one another, they had many characteristics in common, including extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and political and cultural liberalism, a belief in natural social hierarchy and the rule of elites, and the desire to create a Volksgemeinschaft (German: "people's community"), in which individual interests would be subordinated to the good of the nation."
The Holocaust Encyclopedia defines fascism as "a far-right political philosophy, or theory of government, that emerged in the early twentieth century. Fascism prioritizes the nation over the individual, who exists to serve the nation." and as "an ultranationalist, authoritarian political philosophy. It combines elements of nationalism, militarism, economic self-sufficiency, and totalitarianism. It opposes communism, socialism, pluralism, individual rights and equality, and democratic government."
When imbued explicitly and pre-dominantly with racist appeals to an implied racial empire, as in the case of Nazism, fascism takes on the tones of the Third Reich as opposed to the less intensively biocentric focus of—for example--Mussolini's italy or Franco's Spain, where racism may have been a notable element in the tone and substance of their messaging, but where the racial notions incentivizing the drive to Empire were somewhat less pronounced than in Germany. The Holocaust Encyclopedia distinguishes the Nazi style of Fascism as a fully realized fascism or as 'fascism in action' or otherwise as 'German fascism'--a form of fascism that has a different quality than the other discriminatory and ultranationalist fascisms at the time.
It exceeds the imprimatur of the Holocaust Encyclopedia to delineate this style of politics as anything other than 'Nazism,' and a reason for that may be that there are no other fully (and catastrophically) realized exemplars of this form of the Third Reich's mode of industrialized negative eugenic genocide as the methodological hallmark of an achieved global empire. However, a generic term to distinguish this style of politics—hovering somewhere between fascism and totalitarianism, with an extra-emphasis on the component of racism as a unifying factor within the system—is 'palingenetic ultranationalism' coined by Roger Griffin to describe a new consensus amongst scholars of fascism on this dimension, whose work has its own section amongst the scholars below.
Definitions of fascism
What constitutes a definition of fascism and fascist governments has been a complicated and highly disputed subject concerning the exact nature of fascism and its core tenets debated amongst historians, political scientists, and other scholars ever since Benito Mussolini first used the term in 1915. Historian Ian Kershaw once wrote that "trying to define 'fascism' is like trying to nail jelly to the wall".
A significant number of scholars agree that a "fascist regime" is foremost an authoritarian form of government; however, the general academic consensus also holds that not all authoritarian regimes are fascist, and more distinguishing traits are required for a regime to be characterized as such.
Similarly, fascism as an ideology is also hard to define. Originally, it referred to a totalitarian political movement linked with corporatism which existed in Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. Many scholars use the word "fascism" without capitalization in a more general sense to refer to an ideology (or group of ideologies) that has been influential in many countries at various times. For this purpose, they have sought to identify what Roger Griffin calls a "fascist minimum"—that is, the minimum conditions a movement must meet to be considered fascist. Other scholars, such as Robert Paxton, have denied that fascism is an ideology at all, characterizing it instead as a loose collection of "mobilizing passions".
The apocalyptic and millenarian aspects of fascism have often been subjected to study.
The Encyclopaedia Britannica defines fascism as a "political ideology and mass movement that dominated many parts of central, southern, and eastern Europe between 1919 and 1945 and that also had adherents in western Europe, the United States, South Africa, Japan, Latin America, and the Middle East," adding that "Although fascist parties and movements differed significantly from one another, they had many characteristics in common, including extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and political and cultural liberalism, a belief in natural social hierarchy and the rule of elites, and the desire to create a Volksgemeinschaft (German: "people's community"), in which individual interests would be subordinated to the good of the nation."
The Holocaust Encyclopedia defines fascism as "a far-right political philosophy, or theory of government, that emerged in the early twentieth century. Fascism prioritizes the nation over the individual, who exists to serve the nation." and as "an ultranationalist, authoritarian political philosophy. It combines elements of nationalism, militarism, economic self-sufficiency, and totalitarianism. It opposes communism, socialism, pluralism, individual rights and equality, and democratic government."
When imbued explicitly and pre-dominantly with racist appeals to an implied racial empire, as in the case of Nazism, fascism takes on the tones of the Third Reich as opposed to the less intensively biocentric focus of—for example--Mussolini's italy or Franco's Spain, where racism may have been a notable element in the tone and substance of their messaging, but where the racial notions incentivizing the drive to Empire were somewhat less pronounced than in Germany. The Holocaust Encyclopedia distinguishes the Nazi style of Fascism as a fully realized fascism or as 'fascism in action' or otherwise as 'German fascism'--a form of fascism that has a different quality than the other discriminatory and ultranationalist fascisms at the time.
It exceeds the imprimatur of the Holocaust Encyclopedia to delineate this style of politics as anything other than 'Nazism,' and a reason for that may be that there are no other fully (and catastrophically) realized exemplars of this form of the Third Reich's mode of industrialized negative eugenic genocide as the methodological hallmark of an achieved global empire. However, a generic term to distinguish this style of politics—hovering somewhere between fascism and totalitarianism, with an extra-emphasis on the component of racism as a unifying factor within the system—is 'palingenetic ultranationalism' coined by Roger Griffin to describe a new consensus amongst scholars of fascism on this dimension, whose work has its own section amongst the scholars below.