Delta operator

• The forward difference operator

${\displaystyle (\Delta f)(x)=f(x+1)-f(x)\,}$

is a delta operator.

• Differentiation with respect to x, written as D, is also a delta operator.
• Any operator of the form

${\displaystyle \sum _{k=1}^{\infty }c_{k}D^{k}}$

(where Dⁿ(ƒ) = ƒ⁽ⁿ⁾ is the n^th derivative) with ${\displaystyle c_{1}\neq 0}$ is a delta operator. It can be shown that all delta operators can be written in this form. For example, the difference operator given above can be expanded as

${\displaystyle \Delta =e^{D}-1=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {D^{k}}{k!}}.}$

• The generalized derivative of time scale calculus which unifies the forward difference operator with the derivative of standard calculus is a delta operator.
• In computer science and cybernetics, the term "discrete-time delta operator" (δ) is generally taken to mean a difference operator

${\displaystyle {(\delta f)(x)={{f(x+\Delta t)-f(x)} \over {\Delta t}}},}$

the Euler approximation of the usual derivative with a discrete sample time ${\displaystyle \Delta t}$. The delta-formulation obtains a significant number of numerical advantages compared to the shift-operator at fast sampling.

Every delta operator ${\displaystyle Q}$ has a unique sequence of "basic polynomials", a polynomial sequence defined by three conditions:

• ${\displaystyle p_{0}(x)=1;}$
• ${\displaystyle p_{n}(0)=0;}$
• ${\displaystyle (Qp_{n})(x)=np_{n-1}(x){\text{ for all }}n\in \mathbb {N} .}$

Such a sequence of basic polynomials is always of binomial type, and it can be shown that no other sequences of binomial type exist. If the first two conditions above are dropped, then the third condition says this polynomial sequence is a Sheffer sequence—a more general concept.

• Pincherle derivative
• Shift operator
• Umbral calculus