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Dovrefjell
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Dovrefjell[2] is a mountain range in Central Norway that forms a natural barrier between Eastern Norway and Trøndelag. The mountain range is located in Innlandet, Møre og Romsdal, and Trøndelag counties in Norway. As a result of its central location, its valleys and passes have been heavily trafficked during and probably preceding historical times. Several mountain inns were established in the Middle Ages to house pilgrims traveling through Dovrefjell to Trondheim, and there are even ruins of an old leper colony in the northern area of it.
Key Information
The main south-north highway (European route E6) and the Dovrebanen railway line both run through a mountain pass in the Dovrefjell range. The highway is a year-round highway but on rare occasions it is closed for short periods during heavy winter weather conditions. The mountain range runs through Oppdal Municipality in Trøndelag county, Folldal Municipality, Dovre Municipality, and Lesja Municipality in Innlandet county, and Sunndal Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county. The municipalities of Oppdal, Folldal, and Dovre, together, make up what is sometimes known as the Dovre Region.
As it is a natural habitat for many rare plants and animals, much of the Dovrefjell range has become a national park in several stages starting in 1911, when some plants were put under protection. When the railroad was built from Oslo to Trondheim in 1921, one of the marshes was preserved. In 1974, parts of the mountain range became Dovrefjell National Park and the park was extensively enlarged in 2002. Together with the neighboring Rondane National Park, the area has Norway (and Europe's) last stock of wild reindeer of Beringian origin. Dovrefjell (west of E6 / the Dovre Line) also has a stock of musk oxen, imported from East Greenland in 1932.
The Dovrefjell area has now been almost entirely protected as two national parks:
- Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella National Park, founded 2002, which encompasses the previous and much smaller Dovrefjell National Park.
- Dovre National Park, founded 2003, connecting the protected areas in the Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella National Park with Rondane National Park.
The highest mountain in the region is the 2,286-metre (7,500 ft) tall Snøhetta. The range provides cross-country skiing and hiking opportunities. The river Driva, running north through Oppdal Municipality, has its source in the Dovrefjell range.
Name
[edit]The first element refers to the geographic area, Dovre. The last element is fjell which means "fell" or "mountain".
The name Dovre (Old Norse: Dofrar) belongs to a group of Scandinavian toponyms that the Swedish linguist Elof Hellquist has derived from a Proto-Norse *đuƀra-, and linguists have further derived them from the old Proto-Indo-European root *dʰub-/dʰup- (cf. PIE *dʰubʰrós "deep"[3]), a root that is also attested in German Topel ("forested valley") and Old Slavic dublŭ ("hole").[4] There are several place names in Denmark, Norway and Sweden that are identified as related to Dovre:[5]
- Denmark
- Døvregaarde in the narrow valley Døvredal, in Bodilsker parish on Bornholm.[6]
- Dover a place with steep slopes in Lintrup parish in Haderslev amt.[6]
- Dovergaard located among deeply cut banks of a small stream, in Skipdsted parish near Aalborg.[7]
- Dover vestergaard, an old farm name, and the bay Doverkil, with hilly terrain, in Ydby parish, near Thisted.[7]
- Dover sogn a parish in Hjelmslev hundred in Århus amt. It has a hilly terrain with steep slopes.[7]
- Norway
- Dovre herred (Old Norse: Dofrar) was originally the name of an old farm and it later became the name for the entire hundred.[4]
- Dofrar was the name of a lost farm in Biri hundred, but it survives in the name of a local meadow Dåvreænga.[4]
- Døvre, where the name is derived from dofrar and vin ("meadow").[4]
- Sweden
- Dovra sjöar ("lakes of Dovra"), which are three lakes (Northern/Upper, Middle, and Southern) in a fissure valley in Närke.[8]
- Ödesdovra, a farm located at the southernmost extension of the valley.[8]
- Dovern, a long and narrow inlet of the lake Glan in Östergötland, and there is a strait named Doversund and a farm named Doverstorp.[9]
The name has also been given to giants in Scandinavian legends. The name has been given to the giant Dofri, at Dovrefjell, who was helped by Harald Fairhair and in return assisted him all his life.[10] In Närke, the Dovra lakes were attributed to the giantess Dovra who wept for her husband.[11]
From the oldest times has Dovrefjell been the border region between the northern and southern parts of Norway, and the road over the mountain was well known. The expression "til Dovre faller" ('until the Dovre mountains fall') is widely used in Norwegian. It was used in the oath sworn during the Norwegian Constituent Assembly in 1814, when Norway formed an independent nation after being in union with Denmark. At this time it was assumed that Snøhetta in Dovrefjell was the highest mountain in Norway, since the higher peaks in Jotunheimen were fairly unresearched.
Geology
[edit]Dovrefjell is a residual massif, which is a mass of rock that has stayed in place as the surrounding relief has been eroded. The tops of Jotunheimen and Dovrefjell and other parts of southern Norway are the few remnants (see summit accordance) of a formerly flat surface that existed in Norway before uplift. This surface is now largely eroded and warped. That erosion formed a series of steps and from the highest of these steps Jotunheimen rises.[12]
References
[edit]- ^ "Snøhetta". PeakVisor. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
- ^ "Informasjon om stadnamn". Norgeskart (in Norwegian). Kartverket. Retrieved 11 January 2025.
- ^ Ringe, Don (2006). From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (PDF). A Linguistic History of English (1st ed.). New York City: Oxford University Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-19-928413-9. OCLC 64554645. OL 7405151M. Wikidata Q131605459.
- ^ a b c d Brevner, Erik Alfred Johannes (1942). Sydöstra Närkes Sjönamn. Uppsala, Sweden: Kungliga Gustav Adolfsakademien för folklivsforskning 9. p. 83.
- ^ Brevner, Erik Alfred Johannes (1942). Sydöstra Närkes Sjönamn. Uppsala, Sweden: Kungliga Gustav Adolfsakademien för folklivsforskning 9. p. 81ff.
- ^ a b Brevner, Erik Alfred Johannes (1942). Sydöstra Närkes Sjönamn. Uppsala, Sweden: Kungliga Gustav Adolfsakademien för folklivsforskning 9. p. 85.
- ^ a b c Brevner, Erik Alfred Johannes (1942). Sydöstra Närkes Sjönamn. Uppsala, Sweden: Kungliga Gustav Adolfsakademien för folklivsforskning 9. p. 86.
- ^ a b Brevner, Erik Alfred Johannes (1942). Sydöstra Närkes Sjönamn. Uppsala, Sweden: Kungliga Gustav Adolfsakademien för folklivsforskning 9. p. 81.
- ^ Brevner, Erik Alfred Johannes (1942). Sydöstra Närkes Sjönamn. Uppsala, Sweden: Kungliga Gustav Adolfsakademien för folklivsforskning 9. p. 81f.
- ^ Ellis Davidson, Hilda R. (1969). Scandinavian Mythology. London: Hamlin Publishing Group. p. 117f. ISBN 9780600036371.
- ^ "Dovrasjödalen" (in Swedish). Örebro län. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
- ^ Lidmar-Bergström, Karna; Ollier, C.D.; Sulebak, J.R. (2000). "Landforms and uplift history of southern Norway". Global and Planetary Change. 24 (3): 211–231. Bibcode:2000GPC....24..211L. doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(00)00009-6.
External links
[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Dovrefjell.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dovre (mountain range).
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Dovrefjell
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Etymology
Origin of the Name
The name Dovrefjell originates from Old Norse Dofrar, referring to an ancient farm located at the base of the mountain range, combined with fjall, meaning "mountain" or "fell." This compound form, Dofrafjall, was used in medieval Scandinavian texts to denote the elevated plateau in central Norway.[6] The root Dofrar traces back to the Proto-Indo-European dʰewbʰ-, connoting "deep," which aligns with linguistic reconstructions of similar terms evoking depth or profundity in terrain.[7] This etymon connects to a broader pattern in Scandinavian toponymy, including the area around the original farmstead and Icelandic Dofrar, reflecting shared Proto-Norse influences across the region.[8] Historically, the name appears in Old Norse literature, such as skaldic poetry from the 10th century, where Dofrar designates the mountainous domain associated with regional rulers, as in the phrase Dofrar dróttinn ("lord of Dovre"). By the late medieval period, it evolved into Dovre in Norwegian records, denoting the key mountain pass between eastern and western Norway. The modern form Dovrefjell gained prominence in 19th-century cartography and national narratives, symbolizing the range's role as a natural divide, with early maps like those from the Scandinavian Mapping Authority standardizing it by the 1800s.Legendary Associations
Dovrefjell is deeply embedded in Norse mythology through the figure of the giant Dofri, a bergbúi or mountain-dweller whose name is etymologically linked to the range itself, known as Dofrafjell in Old Norse texts. In medieval Icelandic sagas, Dofri is portrayed as a powerful supernatural being residing in a cave on the mountain, serving as a foster father to notable figures and imparting knowledge of martial and mystical arts. This legend underscores the mountain's association with otherworldly guardians and the liminal spaces between human and giant realms.[9] The tale of Dofri appears prominently in Haralds þáttr hárfagra, a short narrative preserved in the 14th-century Flateyjarbók manuscript, where the young Harald Fairhair (Haraldr hárfagri), future king of Norway, is raised in Dofri's cave on Dovrefjell, learning skills that aid his unification of the realm. Similarly, in Bárðar saga Snæfellsáss, the half-giant hero Bárðr is fostered by Dofri during a time of conflict, highlighting the giant's role as a mentor to semi-divine or heroic characters amid Norway's rugged terrain. These accounts from 13th-14th century folklore blend historical kingship myths with supernatural elements, portraying Dovrefjell as a site of profound depths inhabited by beings of immense strength and ancient wisdom.[10] In medieval Norwegian and Icelandic traditions, the name Dovrefjell evokes supernatural depths and hidden realms, often symbolizing the untamed, mystical heart of the landscape where giants like Dofri bridge the mortal world and the chaotic forces of nature. This folkloric connection persists in modern Norwegian identity, where Dovrefjell represents enduring stability and ancient enigmas, as evoked in the constitutional oath "Enig og tro til Dovre faller" (United and true until Dovre falls), recited since 1814 to affirm national unity against the mountain's timeless presence. The range's legendary aura continues to inspire cultural narratives of resilience, drawing on its saga roots without direct ties to later troll tales.[11]Geography
Location and Boundaries
Dovrefjell is a mountain range situated in central Norway, extending across the counties of Innlandet, Møre og Romsdal, and Trøndelag.[4] This positioning places it at the convergence of oceanic and continental climatic influences, with the range encompassing municipalities such as Dovre, Lesja, Oppdal, and Sunndal.[4] The area serves as a critical geographical feature, forming a natural barrier that historically separated eastern Norway from the Trøndelag region and facilitated key transportation routes like the E6 highway and the Dovre Line railway.[3] The Dovrefjell range covers an extensive area of approximately 4,367 km² when including the national park and surrounding protected landscapes, nature reserves, and protected landscapes, making it one of Norway's largest continuous protected mountain regions.[4] A prominent landmark within the range is Snøhetta, located at coordinates 62°19′11″N 9°16′05″E, which exemplifies the central positioning of the highlands.[12] This total protected expanse overlaps significantly with the Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella National Park, established in 2002 and expanded in 2018 to safeguard the core mountainous terrain.[4] The boundaries of Dovrefjell are delineated by prominent valleys and adjacent mountain systems, stretching roughly from Isfjorden in the west to Kvikne in the east over more than 100 km.[3] To the west, it borders the Sunndalen and Romsdalen valleys, linking to the Trollheimen range, while to the southeast, it adjoins the Rondane mountains near Gudbrandsdalen and Grimsdalen valleys.[4][13] These natural divisions highlight Dovrefjell's role as a transitional zone between more rugged western terrains and the rounded eastern plateaus.[4]Topography and Hydrology
Dovrefjell features a rugged mountainous terrain characterized by sharp ridges and rounded highlands, with elevations rising dramatically from valleys to alpine summits. The highest peak is Snøhetta, reaching 2,286 meters above sea level, and the range includes six main mountains exceeding 2,000 meters, such as Stortoppen and Midttoppen within the Snøhetta massif itself.[2][5] These peaks contribute to a landscape of rocky summits and expansive alpine meadows, where steep western valleys contrast with gentler eastern slopes, creating significant elevation changes that support diverse microhabitats.[3] The hydrology of Dovrefjell is dominated by glacial and riverine systems, with the Driva River originating from the park's high plateaus and flowing northward through deep valleys toward Sunndalsfjorden. Glacial features, remnants of Quaternary ice ages that sculpted the terrain through erosion and deposition, include small ice fields on Snøhetta and surrounding ridges, which feed meltwater into local streams.[3][14] Watersheds in the region channel precipitation and glacial runoff westward into Atlantic-bound fjords via rivers like the Driva, while eastern tributaries contribute to inland drainage patterns.[3] Key passes traverse the range, facilitating transportation corridors; the E6 highway and Dovrebanen railway both cross a historic mountain pass between Dovre and Oppdal, enabling access through the otherwise formidable terrain.[3][15] These routes, shaped by the same glacial processes that formed the broader topography, highlight the area's connectivity while preserving its natural barriers.[3]Climate
Dovrefjell features a subarctic climate, transitional between oceanic influences from the Atlantic in the west and more continental conditions in the east, resulting in cold, snowy winters and cool, relatively dry summers. Average winter temperatures at lower elevations around 400 m, such as in Dovre, range from -6.6°C to -8.3°C during the day and -13.4°C to -13.8°C at night, while higher elevations experience even colder conditions due to a temperature lapse rate of approximately 0.44°C per 100 m ascent.[16][17][3] Annual precipitation averages 492–600 mm, with much of it falling as snow influenced by westerly Atlantic winds, leading to prolonged winters that often extend into May and heavy snow accumulation exceeding 200 mm in January alone. This high snowfall contributes to long-lasting snow cover, particularly above 1,000 m, fostering microclimates that vary sharply with elevation and aspect.[16][17][3] In higher areas above 1,500 m, discontinuous permafrost persists, with mean annual ground surface temperatures near 0°C or slightly below, creating frozen ground that thaws minimally during brief summers. Summer temperatures average 10–14°C at lower sites in July, cooling to 3–6°C at night, but lapse to below freezing on peaks, limiting the growing season to about 100 days. These seasonal shifts severely restrict accessibility, with roads like the E6 occasionally closing due to snow, and influence ecological patterns by confining vegetation and wildlife activity to warmer, lower slopes.[17][16][18]Geology
Geological Formation
Dovrefjell stands as a residual massif within the Scandinavian Caledonides, representing the exhumed remnants of a once-extensive peneplain that formed through prolonged erosion during the Mesozoic era, particularly in the Jurassic period when deep chemical weathering produced thick saprolite layers across the landscape. This peneplain, eroded to near sea level over millions of years, underlies the current topography and reflects the region's long-term tectonic quiescence following the Caledonian orogeny in the Silurian-Devonian period (approximately 430–390 million years ago), during which the area experienced post-orogenic collapse and stabilization without significant subsequent deformation. The Caledonides in central Norway, including Dovrefjell, have maintained relative tectonic stability since the Devonian, allowing for the preservation and later re-exposure of these ancient surfaces amid broader Scandinavian plate dynamics.[19] The formative timeline begins with Jurassic weathering (circa 200–140 million years ago), which prepared the basement rocks for later dissection, followed by Cenozoic uplift phases that initiated in the Eocene and peaked during the Miocene-Pliocene (approximately 56–2.6 million years ago), elevating the peneplain and enabling fluvial erosion to remove up to 1 kilometer of overlying Mesozoic sediments. This uplift, driven by mantle dynamics and isostatic adjustments rather than active tectonics, exhumed the etchplain landscape while carving initial fracture-controlled valleys, setting the stage for Quaternary modifications. Erosion rates during this period averaged low but steady, with rivers incising the uplifted surface to expose the resistant Caledonian metamorphic rocks that now dominate the massif.[19] During the Quaternary period (starting 2.58 million years ago), particularly the Pleistocene (2.58 million to 11,700 years ago), repeated glaciations profoundly reshaped Dovrefjell through mechanical erosion, deepening pre-existing valleys into U-shaped troughs and cirques while preserving higher plateaus under cold-based ice conditions.[19] The Weichselian glaciation (115,000–11,700 years ago), including its Last Glacial Maximum around 26,500–19,000 years ago, featured ice sheets centered in the Scandinavian mountains with divides near the Oppland region, leading to selective erosion that lowered valley floors by hundreds of meters but left residual highlands like Snøhetta largely intact due to limited ice flow over elevated nunataks.[19] Overall Quaternary erosion onshore averaged about 1 cm per thousand years, with most material transported to offshore basins, culminating in the current alpine terrain sculpted by glacial overprint on the ancient peneplain.Rock Composition
The bedrock of Dovrefjell is predominantly composed of metamorphic rocks resulting from the Caledonian orogeny, which involved intense deformation and metamorphism during the closure of the Iapetus Ocean around 490–390 million years ago. These rocks primarily include gneiss and schist, such as paragneisses, migmatites, and mica schists, exhibiting mineral assemblages indicative of amphibolite-facies conditions, including garnet, biotite, muscovite, chlorite, quartz, and plagioclase.[20][21] Igneous intrusions are interspersed throughout the range, featuring granitic and granodioritic orthogneisses of Proterozoic age (over 1,000 million years old) as well as mafic amphibolite sheets derived from dikes associated with earlier tectonic events. In lower elevations, sedimentary layers persist, notably Late Proterozoic feldspathic psammites that represent ancient fluvial or shallow marine deposits later metamorphosed.[20] Key minerals in these rocks include quartz and feldspar, with plagioclase common in the gneisses and quartz forming notable occurrences, such as the hydrothermal veins at Tverrfjellet Mines near Hjerkinn in the Dovre municipality. Notable economic mining occurred at sites like Tverrfjellet Mines, which produced approximately 15 million tons of ore containing copper, zinc, lead, and sulfur from 1968 to 1993, alongside smaller historical extractions of chromium and other minerals above the treeline.[22][4][20] Rock composition varies regionally, with the western areas dominated by ancient Precambrian basement of hard, acidic metamorphic types like gneiss, while eastern and northern sectors around Snøhetta feature younger rocks, including more granitic orthogneisses and less intensely metamorphosed units that contribute to nutrient-richer weathering profiles.[4][20]Ecology
Flora
Dovrefjell's flora is characterized by a diverse array of vegetation adapted to its high-altitude, subarctic environment, spanning from lowland forests to alpine tundra zones. The nutrient-rich soils derived from easily eroding Cambrian-Silurian bedrock support a rich mountain flora, particularly in areas like Dovre and Grimsdalen valley.[13][23] At higher elevations above the tree line, alpine tundra dominates, featuring low-growing vegetation such as dwarf birch (Betula nana), mosses, and lichens that form resilient mats against harsh winds and permafrost traces. These communities thrive on exposed ridges and plateaus up to 1,716 meters above sea level, where graminoids and dwarf shrubs contribute to a patchwork of heath and meadow types.[24][13][25] In lower elevations, birch forests of downy birch (Betula pubescens) transition into heather moors dominated by species like ling heather (Calluna vulgaris), interspersed with moorland boulders covered in lichens. These zones provide a transitional habitat between forested lowlands and open highlands, supporting common alpine species such as glacier buttercup (Ranunculus glacialis), Lappland reedgrass (Calamagrostis purpurea), hawkweed-leaved saxifrage (Saxifraga foliolosa), and leafy saxifrage (Saxifraga aizoides).[26] Rare arctic-alpine species add to the botanical significance, including purple mountain saxifrage (Saxifraga oppositifolia), which forms dense cushions in rocky crevices, as well as alpine bellflower (Campanula alpina), Dovre poppy (Papaver laestadianum), Dovre dandelion (Taraxacum croceiflorum), and Norwegian wormwood (Artemisia norvegica). Over the past century, several endemic plants unique to Dovrefjell have been discovered, many of which are rare and vulnerable due to their limited distribution.[27][23][13] Grazing by domestic sheep and wild reindeer influences vegetation dynamics, with studies showing that moderate reindeer winter grazing on ridges enhances diversity among mosses, lichens, graminoids, and dwarf shrubs, though increased herbivore numbers—up approximately 6% in recent decades—can alter community composition and limit shrub expansion. Protected endemic plants in national park areas, such as those in Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella, benefit from conservation measures that restrict intensive grazing and habitat disturbance to preserve these vulnerable species.[25][28][29] The short growing season, constrained by cold temperatures and late snowmelt often extending into June, shapes seasonal blooming patterns, with early flowers like glacier buttercup and purple saxifrage emerging in late spring to early summer, followed by a burst of color from heaths and saxifrages during the brief July-August peak. Recent warming has slightly prolonged this period, allowing extended flowering in some communities.[30][31][13]Fauna
Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella National Park hosts a distinctive high-mountain fauna adapted to its alpine tundra and subalpine environments, including several iconic large herbivores and a suite of predators and avian species that form a unique ecosystem. The park's wildlife is characterized by its relative intactness compared to other Scandinavian regions, supporting populations of species sensitive to human disturbance.[3] The wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) population in Dovrefjell represents one of Europe's last surviving herds of native mountain reindeer, with genetic roots tracing back to Beringian lineages that migrated westward through Siberia during post-glacial periods. These reindeer, numbering approximately 2,000 to 4,000 individuals across the Rondane-Dovre area, have persisted with minimal introgression from domesticated stock, preserving their original wild traits.[32][33][34] Musk oxen (Ovibos moschatus), reintroduced to Norway after their prehistoric extinction in the region, form the country's only free-ranging population in Dovrefjell, originating from East Greenland. The initial importation occurred in 1932, inspired by the discovery of ancient remains during railway construction, with additional animals brought between 1947 and 1953 to bolster the herd; as of 2023, the population stood at approximately 240 individuals, divided into several family groups. These herbivores graze on willow shrubs and grasses, exhibiting defensive behaviors such as circle formations when threatened rather than fleeing.[35][36][37][38] Predators in the park include wolverines (Gulo gulo), which scavenge and hunt small mammals, and Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus), known for their adaptability to the harsh winters by following larger herbivores or caching food. The Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) occasionally ranges into the area, preying on reindeer calves and smaller ungulates, though its presence is less dense than that of wolverines due to broader territorial needs across Norway's central mountains.[3][39] Avian fauna features species like the rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta), a ground-dwelling grouse that camouflages seasonally with white winter plumage and breeds in alpine meadows, and the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), a top raptor that nests on cliffs and hunts mammals such as hares and young reindeer across the plateau. Other birds, including gyrfalcons (Falco rusticolus) and ravens (Corvus corax), contribute to the aerial component of the ecosystem.[40][11][3] Reindeer migration patterns are a key dynamic, with herds undertaking seasonal treks from western summer pastures on high plateaus to eastern winter valleys, covering distances funneled by natural barriers like rivers and ridges; however, modern infrastructure has fragmented these routes, confining movements to narrower corridors. These descents to valleys in late autumn and early spring concentrate animals, making them visible to observers while exposing them to potential disturbances. Recent studies indicate that wild reindeer reproduction has been declining, with record-low calf numbers observed in 2024 due to factors including climate change and human activity.[33][41][42] Biodiversity hotspots occur in the park's lush meadows and riverine areas, such as the Drivdalen and Grøvudalen valleys, where nutrient-rich soils support dense concentrations of small rodents, insects, and wading birds like ducks and plovers that forage along waterways. These zones also attract grazing reindeer and provide calving grounds for musk oxen, fostering interactions within the food web.[11][21]Human History
Prehistoric and Ancient Use
Evidence of human activity in Dovrefjell dates back to the Stone Age, with archaeological finds indicating that early hunter-gatherers utilized the region primarily for reindeer hunting. The oldest traces of such hunting extend to the end of the last Ice Age around 10,000 years ago, though the earliest preserved artifacts, including arrows and tools, appear from approximately 5,400 years ago. At Storbreen in Dovrefjell National Park, archaeologists discovered well-preserved Stone Age arrows dating to 5,400–5,200 years ago, crafted with wooden shafts and intended for reindeer, marking the oldest such finds from a Scandinavian snowdrift site.[43] Additionally, over 1,200 reindeer pitfall traps—large pits used to trap migrating herds—have been identified across the Dovrefjell area between Dombås and Oppdal, with many originating from prehistoric periods and forming part of extensive guiding fence systems that funneled animals toward hunting sites.[33] During the Bronze and Iron Ages, Dovrefjell continued to serve as a key area for seasonal human occupation tied to reindeer exploitation, as evidenced by artifacts recovered from melting ice patches in the broader Oppland region encompassing the plateau. Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age (ca. 2,350–1,500 BCE) finds include arrows and tools suggesting intensified hunting practices, while Iron Age (ca. 500 BCE–1000 CE) artifacts, such as clothing fragments, horse equipment, and additional weaponry, point to temporary settlements or camps used during migration seasons.[44] These glacial archaeology discoveries, numbering over 3,000 in Oppland's ice patches, highlight Dovrefjell's role in supporting short-term habitation for hunting parties, with peaks in activity during warmer climatic periods that facilitated access to high-altitude resources.[45] Burial mounds in the vicinity, particularly at the Vang site near Oppdal on Dovrefjell's eastern edge, provide insight into ritual and funerary practices from the late prehistoric to early historic periods, indicating the region's cultural significance beyond mere subsistence. This extensive Iron Age necropolis, featuring over 900 mounds mostly from the Viking Age (750–1050 CE) but with earlier roots, includes communal graves with grave goods, suggesting ceremonial use of the landscape for commemorating the dead, possibly linked to hunting communities.[46] Dovrefjell functioned as a vital migration corridor for both wild reindeer and early human populations, enabling seasonal movements between western summer pastures and eastern winter grounds. Reindeer herds followed predictable routes across the plateau for millennia, drawing prehistoric peoples who established hunting systems along these paths, as demonstrated by the alignment of pitfall traps and the distribution of glacial artifacts.[33] This corridor role persisted into later periods, influencing settlement patterns and resource use in central Norway's highlands.Medieval and Modern History
During the Middle Ages, Dovrefjell served as a critical passage on the ancient Pilgrim's Path, known as St. Olav's Way, which connected southern Norway to Nidaros Cathedral (now Trondheim) and was the primary route for pilgrims seeking the relics of Saint Olav after his death in 1030. This arduous crossing of the mountain plateau, often considered the most challenging segment of the journey, facilitated thousands of travelers annually and supported the establishment of several mountain inns to provide shelter and sustenance along the way.[3] In the 19th century, Dovrefjell gained symbolic prominence in Norwegian national identity during the push for independence from Denmark. At the Norwegian Constituent Assembly in Eidsvoll in 1814, delegates concluded their deliberations by linking arms and swearing the oath "Enig og tro til Dovre faller" ("United and true until Dovre falls"), invoking the enduring stability of the Dovrefjell mountains as a metaphor for unbreakable unity and commitment to the newly adopted constitution.[47] The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw significant infrastructural developments that transformed access to Dovrefjell. The E6 highway, evolving from ancient trade and pilgrimage routes into a modern thoroughfare, was progressively upgraded to connect eastern and central Norway, easing travel across the plateau. Complementing this, the Dovre Line railway, a long-planned project spanning over 70 years, was fully completed and opened in 1921, linking Oslo to Trondheim and facilitating the transport of goods, passengers, and troops through the region.[2][48] Early 20th-century conservation efforts in Dovrefjell included the reintroduction of key wildlife species to restore ecological balance disrupted by historical overhunting. Discovery of ancient musk ox remains during railway construction in 1913 inspired translocation efforts, with 27 calves and yearlings from eastern Greenland released into the area between 1947 and 1953 to reestablish the species, which had been extinct in Norway for millennia.[49][50] These initiatives were accompanied by initial hunting regulations, particularly for wild reindeer, to manage populations and prevent overexploitation, laying the groundwork for sustainable wildlife management in the plateau.Cultural Significance
Folklore and Legends
Dovrefjell's rugged terrain has inspired numerous tales in Norwegian folklore, where the mountains are depicted as the domain of trolls—supernatural beings known for their immense size, ugliness, and mischievous or malevolent nature. These creatures are said to inhabit hidden realms deep within the peaks, emerging at night to interact with humans while retreating to their underground kingdoms during the day to avoid petrification by sunlight. Such beliefs portray trolls as supernatural guardians of the "deep" mountains, protecting sacred natural spaces from intrusion while posing threats to travelers and settlers who venture too close.[51] Central to these legends is the Troll King, or Dovregubben, a powerful ruler presiding over a court of trolls in the Dovre Mountains. A literary figure created by Henrik Ibsen in his 1867 play Peer Gynt and drawing on broader folklore motifs of troll leaders, Dovregubben symbolizes the untamed power of the landscape, with stories emphasizing his dominion over the hidden troll society and occasional dealings with the human world. These narratives underscore the mountains' mystical aura and the blurred boundary between the natural and the supernatural.[52] A prominent example from this folklore is the fairy tale "The Cat on the Dovrefjell", collected by Peter Christen Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe in their seminal 1841–1844 compilation Norske Folkeeventyr. Set on Christmas Eve in a remote Dovrefjell farmhouse, the story recounts how a family is annually overrun by a rampaging troll horde that devours their yuletide feast and forces them to flee. A passing bear trainer lodges there with his massive white bear, which the invading trolls mockingly mistake for a harmless "kitty" and prod with food. Enraged, the bear pursues the trolls—both the massive parents and their numerous offspring—driving them from the home in terror. The next year, when a troll scout inquires about the "cat," the farmer boasts that it has birthed seven even larger and fiercer kittens, ensuring the trolls never return. This tale, rooted in oral traditions of clever human triumph over monstrous foes, illustrates the perceived dangers of troll incursions from the mountain depths.[53] These folklore elements stem primarily from the oral storytelling practices of Norwegian settlers in central Norway, where tales served to explain natural phenomena like rock formations (trolls turned to stone) and to impart moral lessons about respecting the wild. While Sami oral traditions in the broader region emphasize animistic spirits and noaidi shamans rather than trolls, shared cultural exchanges among indigenous Sami and incoming Norwegian communities contributed to a layered mythic landscape around Dovrefjell's peaks.[51]In Literature and National Identity
Dovrefjell has been a prominent motif in Norwegian literature, most notably in Henrik Ibsen's 1867 verse drama Peer Gynt, where the titular protagonist ventures into the mountain's mythical realm and encounters the troll king in the hall of Dovregubben, symbolizing a confrontation with Norway's folklore and the protagonist's inner turmoil.[54] This scene draws on local legends of trolls inhabiting the Dovrefjell peaks, embedding the landscape as a fantastical backdrop that blends personal fantasy with national mythic heritage. Edvard Grieg's incidental music for Peer Gynt, composed in 1875, further immortalized Dovrefjell through the iconic "In the Hall of the Mountain King," which musically evokes the chaotic troll court beneath the mountain, capturing the wild, untamed essence of Norwegian nature in Romantic style.[55] During the 19th-century Romantic nationalism period, Dovrefjell emerged as a symbol of ancient purity and national unity, representing an enduring, unyielding Norwegian spirit amid the push for cultural independence from Danish and Swedish influences.[3] The mountain's rugged isolation evoked ideals of a pristine, pre-modern homeland, influencing artists and writers who portrayed it as a core element of collective identity.[56] In modern media, Dovrefjell continues to reinforce Norwegian national identity, appearing in the 2022 Netflix film Troll, where a colossal creature awakens from the mountain's depths, echoing Ibsen's trolls and blending folklore with contemporary disaster narrative to highlight the landscape's mythical power.[51] This portrayal, alongside Grieg's enduring score in popular culture, ties into the phrase "enig og tro til Dovre faller" (united and true until Dovre falls), a cultural oath evoking steadfast loyalty that permeates music, literature, and public symbolism.[11] Such references have shaped tourism branding, positioning Dovrefjell as the archetypal "troll mountain" and drawing visitors to explore its trails and peaks as sites of living legend.[57]Conservation and Protection
National Park Establishment
The initial protections for the Dovrefjell region date back to 1911, when Norway established its first plant protection area on the Snøhetta plateau to safeguard rare alpine flora from overcollection by botanists and tourists. This early measure, enacted under pioneering nature conservation regulations, targeted the unique botanical diversity of the high plateau, marking a foundational step in recognizing the area's ecological value.[58][59] These efforts culminated in the formal designation of Dovrefjell National Park in 1974, covering approximately 1,690 km² of the central mountain range. Established under the Nature Protection Act of 1970, the park aimed to preserve the intact alpine ecosystems, including key habitats for wild reindeer and other species, while limiting development and resource extraction. The protected area focused on the core Dovrefjell massif, providing a comprehensive shield for its geological and biological features.[4] In 2002, the park was significantly expanded and redesignated as Dovrefjell–Sunndalsfjella National Park, encompassing a core area of about 1,695 km² along with surrounding buffer zones to integrate adjacent landscapes in the Sunndal and Driva valleys. This enlargement, totaling over 4,300 km² when including linked protected areas, addressed the need for broader connectivity to support migratory wildlife and maintain ecological integrity. A further expansion in 2018 added additional territories, including the establishment of the adjacent Hjerkinn landscape conservation area via Royal Decree, enhancing the park's role in regional biodiversity conservation.[4][3][60] The park operates under the legal framework of Norway's Nature Diversity Act of 2009, particularly Chapter V, which governs national parks by emphasizing the protection of biological diversity, landscapes, and cultural heritage through sustainable management and restrictions on commercial activities. Oversight is provided by the Dovrefjell–Sunndalsfjella National Park Board, a collaborative entity involving representatives from the counties of Innlandet, Trøndelag, and Møre og Romsdal, ensuring coordinated decision-making across jurisdictional boundaries.[61][62][63]Conservation Challenges and Efforts
Dovrefjell faces significant conservation challenges from climate change, which has caused rising temperatures and prolonged growing seasons in its alpine regions, leading to shifts in vegetation composition and increased species richness at lower elevations while threatening specialized high-altitude flora and fauna.[64][65] Glaciers such as Snøhetta are retreating due to these warming trends, altering hydrological patterns and permafrost interactions that support unique ecosystems.[66] Overgrazing by expanding populations of wild reindeer and sheep exacerbates vegetation stress, with herbivore numbers rising by about 6% in recent decades, potentially reducing forage availability for key species like musk oxen.[65] Tourism pressure adds further strain, as high visitor volumes disrupt reindeer migration routes and calving areas, prompting spatial segregation where reindeer avoid human-disturbed zones during summer.[67][68] Conservation efforts in Dovrefjell emphasize species recovery and habitat management. A reintroduction program for musk oxen, initiated in the 1940s with individuals imported from Greenland, has established a thriving population exceeding 250 animals, enhancing biodiversity and serving as an indicator of climate resilience.[69][70] International collaboration with Greenland facilitated this genetic exchange, supporting the musk ox's adaptation to Norwegian conditions.[71] Wolverine populations are monitored through long-term methods including snow tracking and GPS collaring since 1979, revealing stable densities that primarily involve scavenging on reindeer remains without significant conflict.[68] Sustainable hunting quotas for wild reindeer, set annually based on population surveys, help regulate herd sizes; for instance, 3,493 individuals were harvested in 2023 to prevent overgrazing.[68] These measures have contributed to overall success, with Norway's wild reindeer population remaining stable at approximately 25,000 animals over the past decade.[68] In 2024, Norway submitted an upstream request to the IUCN for World Heritage Site evaluation of the Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella National Park and adjacent areas (including Rondane, Dovre, and Reinheimen), recognizing their significance for wild reindeer conservation.[68]Tourism and Recreation
Visitor Activities
Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella National Park offers a range of outdoor recreational opportunities centered on its rugged alpine terrain and unique wildlife. Visitors can engage in guided and self-guided experiences that emphasize the park's natural and cultural heritage, with activities varying by season to align with weather and animal behaviors.[72] Hiking is a primary attraction, particularly along marked trails leading to Snøhetta, the park's iconic 2,286-meter summit. A short 1.5-kilometer trail from the Visitor Centre Wild Reindeer at Hjerkinn provides access to the Snøhetta Viewpoint, offering panoramic vistas of the mountain and surrounding plateaus in about 20-30 minutes of easy walking. For more challenging endeavors, the full ascent to Snøhetta's summit takes 5-7 hours round-trip and is suitable for moderately experienced hikers, rewarding participants with sweeping views of the Dovrefjell plateau. In summer, these routes extend to alpine climbing opportunities on nearby peaks like Trolltinden and Fløtatind, where guided summit hikes incorporate basic mountaineering techniques.[73][2][74] Wildlife viewing draws enthusiasts to guided safaris, especially for the park's reintroduced musk oxen, the only wild population in Norway. Musk ox safaris operate daily from June to September, lasting approximately six hours and involving 7-15 kilometers of hiking led by certified guides who prioritize safety by maintaining a minimum 200-meter viewing distance from the animals, which can weigh up to 450 kilograms and reach speeds of 60 kilometers per hour. These tours often yield close observations of herds grazing on the open tundra, with winter versions available on request for smaller groups. Complementing this, the Visitor Centre Wild Reindeer facilitates wildlife spotting from the Snøhetta Viewpoint, where visitors may observe wild reindeer herds during their seasonal migrations across the plateau, a phenomenon tied to the park's role as one of Europe's last strongholds for these animals; the center features exhibitions on migration patterns, including mounted specimens and reconstructed pitfall traps used historically for hunting. Guided tours for reindeer viewing are available through local operators, emphasizing ethical distances to avoid disturbance.[75][2][73] Winter transforms the landscape into a snow-covered expanse suitable for skiing and snowshoeing. Cross-country skiing predominates on groomed trails in adjacent villages like Hjerkinn and Oppdal, spanning dozens of kilometers and accessible to all skill levels, though the park's core areas remain largely ungroomed to protect wildlife. Guided snowshoeing tours explore the winter mountains, often combining hikes with opportunities for ptarmigan observation or ice fishing, and can be tailored for summit approaches in safer western sectors. These activities typically run from late November through April, depending on snowfall.[74][72] Cultural experiences enrich visits by connecting visitors to the region's heritage along historic paths like the King's Road and Pilgrim Path. Historical inns, such as Hjerkinn Fjellstue, serve as bases for exploring mountain farm traditions, offering meals with local ingredients and insights into 19th-century pastoral life. Folklore sites evoke Norway's mythical past, with trails passing rock formations associated with trolls from Ibsen's Peer Gynt, set against Dovrefjell's dramatic backdrop, allowing immersive storytelling during guided walks.[2][72]Access and Infrastructure
Dovrefjell is accessible primarily by road and rail, with the European route E6 serving as the main highway connecting Oslo in the south to Trondheim in the north, passing directly through the plateau and offering scenic views of the surrounding mountains.[2] The Dovrebanen railway parallels the E6, providing reliable public transport with stations at key entry points such as Hjerkinn, Dombås, and Oppdal; trains from Oslo to Trondheim take approximately 6.5 to 7 hours and operate with multiple daily departures year-round, while buses along the E6 supplement connectivity for shorter routes.[76][77][63] For current public transport schedules, travelers can consult Norway's official journey planner, Entur.[78] Visitor infrastructure includes parking areas and trailheads strategically located near major access points, such as at Hjerkinn along the E6, where the Hjerkinnhus lot charges NOK 60 per day and remains snow-cleared year-round, while free parking is available at the start of the trail to Viewpoint Snøhetta.[79] The Norwegian Wild Reindeer Centre in Hjerkinn houses a dedicated visitor center with exhibitions on local wildlife and serves as a primary hub for information and guided access to trailheads leading into the national park.[80] These facilities support entry to popular routes, including the 1.5 km path to the Snøhetta pavilion, though the gravel access road to the upper viewpoint parking closes during winter due to snow accumulation.[79] Accommodations in the core area consist mainly of mountain lodges and campsites, as no major towns are located within the protected plateau itself. Options include the Hjerkinn Fjellstue and Snøheimhytta, traditional fjellstuer offering basic lodging, meals, and access to guided activities, alongside Dovrefjell Lodge near the park boundary, which provides modern cabins, hotel rooms with breakfast, and a campsite surrounded by trails.[2][81] Wild camping is permitted at least 150 meters from buildings or cabins, adhering to the Norwegian "right to roam" principles, with designated sites near tourist cabins recommended for convenience.[82] In winter, while the E6 highway remains generally open with potential temporary closures due to severe weather or avalanches, side roads and trails like those to Snøhetta are inaccessible by vehicle, requiring visitors to rely on the year-round train service or cleared main parking areas for entry.[83][79] Road conditions should be checked via the Norwegian Public Roads Administration for real-time updates on any disruptions.References
- https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dovre