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Dudley Digges
Dudley Digges
Dudley Digges
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Sir Dudley Digges (b. May 19, 1583 – d. March 18, 1639) was an English diplomat and politician who represented Tewkesbury and Kent in the House of Commons of England between 1610 and 1629. Digges was also a "Virginia adventurer," an investor who ventured his capital in the Virginia Company of London; his son Edward Digges would go on to be Governor of Virginia. Dudley Digges was responsible for the rebuilding of Chilham Castle, completed in around 1616.[1]

Key Information

Early life

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Digges was the son of the mathematician Thomas Digges of Digges Court, Barham, Kent, and Anne St Leger (d. 1636), the daughter of Warham St Leger.[2] Dudley matriculated at University College, Oxford on 18 July 1600, when aged 17, and was awarded BA on 1 July 1601.

Career in politics

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Digges was knighted by James I at Whitehall on 29 April 1607.[3] In 1610, he was elected Member of Parliament for the newly enfranchised constituency of Tewkesbury.[4]

He was a friend of Henry Hudson and, in 1610, he was one of those who fitted out Hudson for his last voyage. As a result, Digges' name was given to Digges Islands, at the mouth of Hudson Bay in Canada, and to Cape Digges, at the easternmost extremity of these islands. In 1614, Digges was re-elected MP for Tewkesbury to the Addled Parliament.[5] He backed the explorations of William Baffin in 1615 and 1616, with several of the same group of "adventurers". In 1616 he completed his mansion of Chilham Castle, Kent[citation needed], on land inherited from his father-in-law.[6]

Digges became a gentleman of the privy chamber in 1618.[3] He was named ambassador to Muscovy in 1618–1619 and Special Ambassador to Holland in 1620. He was re-elected MP for Tewkesbury in 1621, 1624, 1625, and 1626.[4] In the latter parliament, he was active in the impeachment of the Duke of Buckingham during the crisis of 1626 that followed the aborted expedition to Cádiz,[7] when Digges and Archbishop Abbot co-operated to co-ordinate the attacks in the Houses of Lords and Commons. Digges was for a time imprisoned in the Fleet Prison by order of the King, but was released on apologizing to the King, an act that John Eliot was unwilling to perform. In 1628, Digges was elected MP for Kent and sat until 1629 when King Charles decided to rule without parliament for eleven years.[citation needed]

Sir Dudley Digges

In 1631, Digges became a bencher of Gray's Inn and was master in chancery from 1631 to 1637.[3]

That same year (1631), he was one of the commission appointed by the Privy Council "to consider how the plantation of Virginia now standeth, and to consider what commodity may be raised in those parts," and in 1634, he was appointed Commissioner for Virginia Tobacco. In 1638, he was appointed Master of the Rolls until his death in 1639.[3]

Published work

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Digges published several political and economic works, The Worthiness of Warre and Warriors (1604), The Defence of Trade (1615), Rights and Privileges of the Subject (1642), and, posthumously, The Compleat Ambassador: or Two Treaties of the Intended Marriage of Qu. Elizabeth of Glorious Memory (1655), a notable study of the two French marriage embassies, of Anjou and of Alençon, which revealed in unprecedented fashion the official despatches and correspondence and is a landmark in English historiography.

Digges left a fund in his will that provided, for some 200 years after his death, an annuity of £20 as prize money for races between the men and women of the parish of Chilham, Kent.

Family

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Coat of Arms of Dudley Digges

Digges married Mary Kempe, daughter and co-heir of Sir Thomas Kempe of Olantigh, Kent. They had eight sons and three daughters. Digges's son Edward was among the "planters," who emigrated in the 1640s and became Governor of Virginia. Another son, Dudley (c. 1612–1643) published a treatise on the Illegality of Subjects taking up Arms against their Sovereigns (1643). Sir Dudley Digges and Lady Mary Kemp had 11 children, 8 boys and 3 girls, of who 8 survived to adulthood:

  • Thomas Digges (b. 1603)
  • Ann Digges (b. 1616)
  • Elizabeth Digges (b. 1617)
  • Francis Digges (b. 1619)
  • Edward Digges (1621–1675), a barrister and colonist who served as Colonial Governor of Virginia from March 1655 to December 1656. Edward Digges' grandson Dudley Digges (patriot) (c. 1728 – 1790), served in the House of Burgesses from 1752 until the Revolutionary War. This Dudley Digges was a member of the Committee of Safety established by the Virginia Conventions to act in the absence of the royal governor, he would become a lieutenant governor of Virginia and was one of the members of the Virginia Assembly captured by the British in a Charlottesville raid in 1781.
  • Leonard Digges (b. 1622)
  • Herbert Digges (b. 1628)
  • Richard Digges (b. 1635)

See also

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Footnotes

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References

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Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Dudley Digges

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Dudley Digges (June 9, 1879 – October 24, 1947) was an Irish actor known for his distinguished career on stage and screen, particularly in supporting roles in classic Hollywood films of the 1930s. Born in Dublin, Ireland, he began his professional life in Irish theater before emigrating to the United States, where he established himself in New York stage productions and later transitioned to motion pictures. His film work included memorable performances in The Invisible Man (1933), The Emperor Jones (1933), and Mutiny on the Bounty (1935), where his character acting added depth to ensemble casts. Beyond acting, Digges contributed as a director and producer in theater, helping shape dramatic presentations during his era. He remained active in the industry until his death on October 24, 1947.

Early life

Birth and family background

John Dudley Digges was born on June 9, 1879, in Dublin, Ireland. He was the son of James Dudley Digges, a clerk, and Catherine Digges (née Forsythe). The family resided at 16 Beechwood Avenue in the Ranelagh area of Dublin. This Dublin background placed him within the city's active cultural scene, from which his later contributions to Irish theatre would emerge.

Early involvement in Irish theatre

Dudley Digges began his theatrical involvement in Dublin during the late 1890s through amateur dramatic activities. After studying theatre methods under Frank Fay, he joined the Ormond Dramatic Company in 1898, managed by Frank and William Fay, performing in short sketches including "The comic tutor" at St Theresa's Hall on Clarendon Street. From 1899 he was a member of William Fay's Comedy Combination, appearing in W. Bayle Bernard's farce His Last Legs at the Coffee Palace Hall on Townsend Street in 1901. Around 1900 he was affiliated with the Celtic Literary Society at the time of its merger with Cumann na nGaedhael, indicating his participation in Dublin's Irish cultural revival circles. In 1902, with William Fay's newly formed National Dramatic Company, Digges played Naisi in the first public production of George Russell's Deirdre and appeared in W. B. Yeats's Kathleen ni Houlihan at St Theresa's Hall from 2 to 4 April, marking his shift toward more substantial roles in the emerging Irish dramatic scene.

Career in Ireland

Founding member of the Irish National Theatre Society

Dudley Digges was a founding member of the Irish National Theatre Society, established in early 1903 to provide a permanent platform for producing Irish plays and fostering a national dramatic tradition. The society emerged from the success of earlier productions by W. G. Fay's Irish National Dramatic Company, notably the April 1902 stagings of Deirdre by AE and Kathleen Ni Houlihan by W. B. Yeats, after which the group resolved to continue their work on a more structured basis. Founding members included actors such as Digges, Frank J. Fay, Máire Nic Shiubhlaigh, and P. J. Kelly, alongside literary figures and officers like AE as president, Maud Gonne and Douglas Hyde as vice-presidents, and Fred Ryan as secretary. Digges' participation stemmed from his involvement in the amateur Dublin theatre scene, particularly with the Fay brothers' troupe, whose authentic performances of Irish roles impressed Yeats and helped shape the society's vision for an Irish-led national theatre. As a founding member, he contributed to the organization's early efforts, including its premiere productions of works by Yeats, Lady Gregory, and other Irish playwrights, which were staged in modest venues like Molesworth Hall and 34 Lower Camden Street before the society secured a permanent home. These initial efforts laid the groundwork for the Abbey Theatre, formally opened by the society in December 1904.

Roles with the Irish National Theatre Society

Dudley Digges was an active actor in the early productions of the Irish National Theatre Society, the company that would soon establish the Abbey Theatre as Ireland's national theater. In April 1902, he performed as Naisi in George Russell's Deirdre and appeared in W. B. Yeats's Kathleen ni Houlihan during performances at St Theresa's Hall in Dublin. On 14 March 1903, he portrayed the Wise Man in the premiere of W. B. Yeats's The Hour-Glass at Molesworth Hall, a significant early presentation by the society. His involvement with the Irish National Theatre Society concluded in October 1903 when he resigned in protest after the controversial first performance of J. M. Synge's In the Shadow of the Glen. No further acting, directing, or producing contributions to the society or the Abbey Theatre are documented following his resignation, and he departed for the United States in 1904.

Move to the United States

Arrival and transition to American stage

Dudley Digges arrived in the United States in 1904 to perform at the St. Louis World's Fair as part of a group including Mary Quinn and P. J. Kelly. He appeared in a production of George Russell’s Deirdre, but was dismissed from the company following a dispute with stage manager Luke Martin concerning perceived anti-Irish elements in one of the presentations. Rather than return to Ireland, Digges chose to remain permanently in America, marking the beginning of his transition from Irish theatre to the American stage. Building on his foundational experience as a founding member of the Irish National Theatre Society and early Abbey Theatre performer, Digges quickly secured roles in American productions. In 1905, he performed in George Bernard Shaw’s John Bull’s Other Island at the Garrick Theatre in New York. The following year, he joined Ben Greet’s Shakespearean company for touring performances. By 1907, Digges married actress Mary Quinn, and in 1908 he collaborated with fellow Irish actors to stage Lady Gregory’s The Rising of the Moon at the Savoy Theatre in New York under Charles Frohman’s management. That same year, he also appeared alongside his wife and Frank Fay in William Boyle’s The Building Fund at the Powers Theatre in Chicago. These early engagements helped establish him within American theatre circles during his initial years in the country.

Broadway and stage career

Early Broadway appearances

Dudley Digges relocated to the United States after his formative years with the Abbey Theatre in Ireland and made his Broadway debut in October 1905 in George Bernard Shaw's John Bull's Other Island at the Garrick Theatre. He appeared in Langdon Mitchell's comedy The New York Idea on November 19, 1906, playing the role of Nogam, valet to the character Karslake. The production, staged by Minnie Maddern Fiske who also starred, ran at the Garrick Theatre into early 1907. Digges soon became associated with Fiske and her frequent co-star George Arliss, appearing opposite them in several productions over the following decade while also serving as Arliss' stage manager for seven years. Over the subsequent years, Digges built a steady presence on Broadway with supporting and character roles in a variety of plays. In 1908 he appeared in The Likes O' Me, The Rising of the Moon, and Mrs. Peckham's Carouse, followed by Israel, The Flag Lieutenant, and The Happy Marriage in 1909. Additional credits during the 1910s included The Spitfire (1910), The Squaw Man (1911), Paganini (1916), Disraeli (1917), and Some One in the House (1918). These early performances, often in ensemble or character parts, established him as a reliable and versatile actor capable of handling diverse material on the American commercial stage.

Association with the Theatre Guild

Dudley Digges was a founding member of the Theatre Guild upon its formation in 1919 and appeared in its inaugural production, Jacinto Benavente's The Bonds of Interest. His breakthrough came later that year with a highly praised performance as the unsavory tradesman James Caesar in St. John Ervine's John Ferguson, a role that helped secure the Guild's first major hit and contributed significantly to establishing the organization as a permanent force in American theater. Over the following decades, Digges maintained an extensive association with the Theatre Guild, appearing in more than 3,500 performances for the organization and earning recognition as one of its most reliable and versatile character actors. He took on memorable roles in several landmark productions, including Mr. Zero in Elmer Rice's expressionistic The Adding Machine (1923), widely regarded as a defining performance in his career. Other notable appearances included Andrew Undershaft in a revival of George Bernard Shaw's Major Barbara (1928) and Mephistopheles in a revival of Goethe's Faust (1928). Digges also contributed as a director for the Guild, staging four plays by Shaw: Heartbreak House (1920, in which he also played Boss Mangan), The Doctor's Dilemma (1927, where he also portrayed Sir Patrick Cullen), Pygmalion (1926), and Man and Superman. By 1937, he was appearing in his twenty-third production for the Guild, playing Emperor Franz Joseph in Maxwell Anderson's The Masque of Kings. His final Guild performance came in 1946 with a critically acclaimed portrayal of Harry Hope in Eugene O'Neill's The Iceman Cometh, capping a long and influential tenure with the company.

Directing, producing, and notable stage performances

Dudley Digges established himself as a prominent director on Broadway, particularly through his long association with the Theatre Guild, where he staged multiple productions. He directed George Bernard Shaw's Heartbreak House in 1920, a production in which he also starred as Boss Mangan. He went on to direct several other Shaw works for the Guild, including revivals of Pygmalion, The Doctor’s Dilemma, and Man and Superman. In 1924–1925, as director of the Actors’ Theatre in New York, Digges staged Shaw’s Candida and Henrik Ibsen’s The Wild Duck. Although Digges was recognized for his success as a producer on the American stage, specific producing credits remain less documented compared to his directing and acting work. Digges' acting career on Broadway featured numerous acclaimed character roles, many with the Theatre Guild, where he appeared in over 3,500 performances. His early Guild success came with the role of James Caesar in St John Ervine’s John Ferguson (1919), praised for its sensitivity and contributing significantly to the organization's stability. He delivered a landmark performance as Mr Zero in Elmer Rice’s expressionistic The Adding Machine (1923), cementing his reputation in innovative modern theatre. Later highlights included the grandfather role in On Borrowed Time (1938), which earned him top billing for the first time on Broadway, and Uncle Stanley in George Washington Slept Here (1940). His final Broadway appearance was as the irascible saloonkeeper Harry Hope in Eugene O’Neill’s The Iceman Cometh (1946), a role that drew particular admiration for its comic and philosophical depth. Critic Brooks Atkinson described Digges' performance as brilliantly alive and overflowing with expressive power despite the character's frailty. A New York Times editorial following his death lauded him as a rare character actor who achieved greatness through effortless perfection, never reducing to mere types.

Film career

Entry into motion pictures

Dudley Digges entered motion pictures in 1929, making his film debut in Condemned! opposite Ronald Colman. Following the stock market crash of that year, he transitioned to Hollywood amid economic challenges in the theater world, capitalizing on growing demand for seasoned stage actors capable of delivering dialogue in the new sound films. His established reputation as a Broadway performer facilitated offers for character parts, leading to early credits that included supporting roles in films such as Outward Bound (1930), where he reprised a stage role, and other productions in the early 1930s. These initial appearances helped establish him as a reliable presence in Hollywood before he took on more prominent character work later in the decade.

Character roles in 1930s and 1940s films

Dudley Digges became a prolific character actor in Hollywood during the 1930s and 1940s, extending his distinguished stage career into supporting roles across a variety of films. He appeared in approximately forty films between 1929 and 1946, with the bulk of his screen work concentrated in this period, where he specialized in portraying gruff, authoritative, or miserly figures often evoking the archetype of Ebenezer Scrooge. His notable 1930s performances included Smithers in The Emperor Jones (1933), Bacchus in Mutiny on the Bounty (1935), Dawson in China Seas (1935), MacKenzie in Raffles (1939), and The Nilghai in The Light That Failed (1939). Other credits from the decade featured him in roles such as Mr. Wu in The General Died at Dawn (1936), Cyrus Jeffrey in Love Is News (1937), and supporting parts in films including The Voice of Bugle Ann (1936) and The Unguarded Hour (1936). In the 1940s, Digges continued with character work, including Head Doctor in The Fight for Life (1940), Pratt in Son of Fury: The Story of Benjamin Blake (1942), and Moses Taney in The Searching Wind (1946), the latter serving as one of his final film appearances. His consistent presence in supporting roles across genres like adventure, drama, and horror underscored his reliability as a versatile screen actor during Hollywood's Golden Age.

Personal life

Marriage and family

Dudley Digges married the Irish actress Mary Quinn, professionally known as Maire Quinn and born Mary Roden Quinn, on 27 August 1907. The couple, who had both emigrated from Ireland and shared a background in theater, including with the Abbey Players, settled permanently in the United States following their marriage. They resided together in New York City at 1 West Sixty-fourth Street. There is no record of the Digges having any children. Their marriage endured until Mary Quinn Digges' death in 1947.

Death

Final years and legacy

In his final years, Dudley Digges remained active on the stage, delivering a critically acclaimed performance as Harry Hope in Eugene O'Neill's The Iceman Cometh during the 1946–1947 Broadway season, where critic Brooks Atkinson praised his portrayal of the tottering saloon proprietor as brilliantly alive with comic and philosophical depth. Described as one of the most beloved actors on the American stage, Digges reflected in a 1947 interview on his long career, crediting his success to associations with exceptional mentors and productions. Digges died of a stroke on October 24, 1947, at his residence at 1 West Sixty-fourth Street in New York City, at the age of 68. His wife, Mary Quinn Digges, had died earlier that year. He was survived by a sister and two brothers in Ireland. Digges' legacy endures as an Irish-American character actor and Broadway veteran who helped establish the modern Irish theatre through his early work with the Abbey Players and made lasting contributions to the New York Theatre Guild as both performer and director. In 1939, he received the gold medal of the American Irish Historical Society for his foundational role in Irish theatre and his achievements as an American citizen of Irish descent. His personal and professional papers, preserved at the New York Public Library and spanning 1908 to 1947, document his connections to key figures such as Sean O'Casey, Eugene O'Neill, and Lady Gregory, reflecting his influence across transatlantic English-language theatre. Posthumously, his contributions were honored in Padraic Colum's elegiac poem "The dead player," published in the Dublin Magazine in 1953.
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