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Eirin
The Film Classification and Rating Organization (映画倫理機構, Eiga Rinri Kikō), also known as Eirin (映倫), is Japan's self-regulatory film regulator. Eirin was established on the model of the then-Motion Picture Association of America's Production Code Administration in June 1949, succeeding the US-led occupation authorities' role of film censorship during the Occupation of Japan. It classifies films into one of four categories depending on their suitability for viewing by minors of different ages.
As in other countries, Eirin classifies films to indicate their suitability for minors. It considers eight criteria, such as whether the film contains sexual or violent material, and gives the film a rating in one of four categories. Although the ratings are sometimes controversial, Eirin's defenders argue that its independence shields film makers from the more draconian alternative, government censorship.
During the opening credits (or in some cases, on the copyright screen immediately following the ending credits) of an Eirin-approved film, the Eirin logo is displayed prominently underneath or beside the movie's title. Eirin has no legal power to ban films, but the Japan Association of Theatre Owners forbids its members from screening films that haven't been classified by Eirin.
During World War II, the government of Japan censored films. The job of censoring was the responsibility of the Interior Ministry's Police Bureau. In time censorship was subsumed with the motions picture law of 1939.
The Motion Picture Code of Ethics Committee (映画倫理規程管理委員会, Eiga Rinri Kitei Kanri Iinkai) was established in 1949 and was the predecessor to Eirin. The organization was criticized for hiring examiners who were part of the same movie industry that financed the organization, resulting in a conflict of interest. There was also criticism of the content of some films which came out at the time, such as Nikkatsu's Season of the Sun based on the award-winning book by Shintaro Ishihara.
In response to the criticism, Eirin began to bring in outsiders to join the commission in 1956 and reorganized into a self-financing, independent body. At that time, it also changed its name to Eirin Kanri Iinkai, and is the foundation of today's rating body.
The Taiyo-zoku films (太陽族と映倫, Taiyo-zoku to eiga) screened in the 1950s were criticized as unethical, and the organization composed of people involved in the film industry, was also criticized for being lenient in its screening. Leading to the establishment of the Eirin Committee (formerly Eirin), a screening body of experts outside of the industry. In 1956, two ratings were introduced.
After the controversy surrounding the release of the erotic drama film Emmanuelle in 1974, calls for a rating between General and Adult were raised. Later in 1976, the R rating, which means "Limited General Film" was introduced.
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Eirin
The Film Classification and Rating Organization (映画倫理機構, Eiga Rinri Kikō), also known as Eirin (映倫), is Japan's self-regulatory film regulator. Eirin was established on the model of the then-Motion Picture Association of America's Production Code Administration in June 1949, succeeding the US-led occupation authorities' role of film censorship during the Occupation of Japan. It classifies films into one of four categories depending on their suitability for viewing by minors of different ages.
As in other countries, Eirin classifies films to indicate their suitability for minors. It considers eight criteria, such as whether the film contains sexual or violent material, and gives the film a rating in one of four categories. Although the ratings are sometimes controversial, Eirin's defenders argue that its independence shields film makers from the more draconian alternative, government censorship.
During the opening credits (or in some cases, on the copyright screen immediately following the ending credits) of an Eirin-approved film, the Eirin logo is displayed prominently underneath or beside the movie's title. Eirin has no legal power to ban films, but the Japan Association of Theatre Owners forbids its members from screening films that haven't been classified by Eirin.
During World War II, the government of Japan censored films. The job of censoring was the responsibility of the Interior Ministry's Police Bureau. In time censorship was subsumed with the motions picture law of 1939.
The Motion Picture Code of Ethics Committee (映画倫理規程管理委員会, Eiga Rinri Kitei Kanri Iinkai) was established in 1949 and was the predecessor to Eirin. The organization was criticized for hiring examiners who were part of the same movie industry that financed the organization, resulting in a conflict of interest. There was also criticism of the content of some films which came out at the time, such as Nikkatsu's Season of the Sun based on the award-winning book by Shintaro Ishihara.
In response to the criticism, Eirin began to bring in outsiders to join the commission in 1956 and reorganized into a self-financing, independent body. At that time, it also changed its name to Eirin Kanri Iinkai, and is the foundation of today's rating body.
The Taiyo-zoku films (太陽族と映倫, Taiyo-zoku to eiga) screened in the 1950s were criticized as unethical, and the organization composed of people involved in the film industry, was also criticized for being lenient in its screening. Leading to the establishment of the Eirin Committee (formerly Eirin), a screening body of experts outside of the industry. In 1956, two ratings were introduced.
After the controversy surrounding the release of the erotic drama film Emmanuelle in 1974, calls for a rating between General and Adult were raised. Later in 1976, the R rating, which means "Limited General Film" was introduced.