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Enmebaragesi
Enmebaragesi (Sumerian: 𒂗𒈨𒁈𒄄𒋛 Enmebárgisi [EN-ME-BARA2-GI4-SE]; fl. c. 2750 BC) originally Mebarasi (𒈨𒁈𒋛) was the penultimate king of the first dynasty of Kish and is recorded as having reigned 900 years in the Sumerian King List. Like his son and successor Aga, he reigned during a period when Kish had hegemony over Sumer.a Enmebaragesi signals a momentous documentary leap from mytho-history to history, since he is the earliest ruler on the king list whose name is attested directly from archaeology.
The name construction of "Title A Place B-e si-Ø" (Official A who is appropriate for place B) was commonly used in the Early Dynastic onomasticon.
Given both options, the name can be translated as "Priest who permeates the throne" or "Crown fit for a ruler".
The dating of Enmebaragesi's reign and lifespan has inspired a fair amount of debate within the scholarly community, with propositions ranging from beginning Early Dynastic I (c. 2900-2800 BCE) to Early Dynastic IIIa (c. 2600 BCE). Most scholars typically attribute a date of c. 2600 BCE, citing several inscriptions that are datable to that period, while others place these inscriptions slightly earlier at c. 2700 BCE. Gianni Marchesi and Niccolò Marchetti, in their 2006 book: Royal Statuary of Early Dynastic Mesopotamia, propose that three of the four inscriptions typically attributed to Enmebaragesi refer to a non-royal personage, due to their lack of royal dedicators and the fact that they are dated later than the only known inscription referring to Enmebaragesi as king. These ideas are also reflected in the publications of the ARCANE project (Associated Regional Chronologies for the Ancient Near East), the most up-to-date evaluation of the chronology of 3rd millennium BC Mesopotamia.
Four inscriptions have been found with the name Mebaragesi, however, only one specifically mentions the title of king, a vessel fragment (IM 30590) of unknown provenance marked "confiscated at Kut", housed in the Baghdad Museum; 𒈨𒁈𒋛 𒈗𒆧 ("Mebarasi, King of Kish"). This inscription can be dated on palaeographic grounds to the Early Dynastic I based on the very archaic form of the sign Kish, still showing the horns of the aurochs’ heads' at the origin of the grapheme.
Another vessel fragment from Khafajah, inscribed with the name ME-barag-[si] is usually also attributed to the king of Kish. However, the dating of the piece is from the ED IIIa, and the Bara2 (𒁈) of the inscription is of a different shape than that of the inscription in the Baghdad Museum, which might suggest it is referring to another Mebaragesi who was not king. He is also attested in the Sumerian King List and in the Tummal Inscription, both as the father of Aga of Kish and the first builder of the temple:
Enmebaragesi,
the king in this very city (Nippur),
built the House of Enlil,
Agga the son of Enmebaragesi,
made the Tummal pre-eminent.
— Old Babylonian tablet Tummal Inscription (1900-1600 BCE)
Enmebaragesi is also mentioned Gilgamesh and Aga as the father of Aga who laid siege to Uruk. In The Lord to the Living One's Mountain Gilgamesh's sister, who is offered to the monster Huwawa, is named Enmebaragesi .
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Enmebaragesi
Enmebaragesi (Sumerian: 𒂗𒈨𒁈𒄄𒋛 Enmebárgisi [EN-ME-BARA2-GI4-SE]; fl. c. 2750 BC) originally Mebarasi (𒈨𒁈𒋛) was the penultimate king of the first dynasty of Kish and is recorded as having reigned 900 years in the Sumerian King List. Like his son and successor Aga, he reigned during a period when Kish had hegemony over Sumer.a Enmebaragesi signals a momentous documentary leap from mytho-history to history, since he is the earliest ruler on the king list whose name is attested directly from archaeology.
The name construction of "Title A Place B-e si-Ø" (Official A who is appropriate for place B) was commonly used in the Early Dynastic onomasticon.
Given both options, the name can be translated as "Priest who permeates the throne" or "Crown fit for a ruler".
The dating of Enmebaragesi's reign and lifespan has inspired a fair amount of debate within the scholarly community, with propositions ranging from beginning Early Dynastic I (c. 2900-2800 BCE) to Early Dynastic IIIa (c. 2600 BCE). Most scholars typically attribute a date of c. 2600 BCE, citing several inscriptions that are datable to that period, while others place these inscriptions slightly earlier at c. 2700 BCE. Gianni Marchesi and Niccolò Marchetti, in their 2006 book: Royal Statuary of Early Dynastic Mesopotamia, propose that three of the four inscriptions typically attributed to Enmebaragesi refer to a non-royal personage, due to their lack of royal dedicators and the fact that they are dated later than the only known inscription referring to Enmebaragesi as king. These ideas are also reflected in the publications of the ARCANE project (Associated Regional Chronologies for the Ancient Near East), the most up-to-date evaluation of the chronology of 3rd millennium BC Mesopotamia.
Four inscriptions have been found with the name Mebaragesi, however, only one specifically mentions the title of king, a vessel fragment (IM 30590) of unknown provenance marked "confiscated at Kut", housed in the Baghdad Museum; 𒈨𒁈𒋛 𒈗𒆧 ("Mebarasi, King of Kish"). This inscription can be dated on palaeographic grounds to the Early Dynastic I based on the very archaic form of the sign Kish, still showing the horns of the aurochs’ heads' at the origin of the grapheme.
Another vessel fragment from Khafajah, inscribed with the name ME-barag-[si] is usually also attributed to the king of Kish. However, the dating of the piece is from the ED IIIa, and the Bara2 (𒁈) of the inscription is of a different shape than that of the inscription in the Baghdad Museum, which might suggest it is referring to another Mebaragesi who was not king. He is also attested in the Sumerian King List and in the Tummal Inscription, both as the father of Aga of Kish and the first builder of the temple:
Enmebaragesi,
the king in this very city (Nippur),
built the House of Enlil,
Agga the son of Enmebaragesi,
made the Tummal pre-eminent.
— Old Babylonian tablet Tummal Inscription (1900-1600 BCE)
Enmebaragesi is also mentioned Gilgamesh and Aga as the father of Aga who laid siege to Uruk. In The Lord to the Living One's Mountain Gilgamesh's sister, who is offered to the monster Huwawa, is named Enmebaragesi .
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