Eumeralla Formation

Eumeralla Formation
Eumeralla Formation
Stratigraphic range: Aptian–Albian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Eric the Red West fossil locality, with AS and ES representing Anchor Sandstone and ETRW Sandstone, respectively
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Otway Group
Sub-units	Windermere Sandstone Member, Heathfield Sandstone Member
Underlies	Sherbrook Group
Overlies	Katnook Sandstone, Laira Formation (Crayfish Subgroup)
Thickness	Up to 3,000 m (9,800 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Volcanilithic sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, conglomerate
Location
Coordinates	38°48′S 143°18′E / 38.8°S 143.3°E
Approximate paleocoordinates	74°48′S 115°48′E / 74.8°S 115.8°E
Region	Victoria
Country	Australia
Extent	Otway Basin
Type section
Named for	Eumeralla River
Named by	Reynolds, M.A
Year defined	1971
	Eumeralla Formation (Australia)
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The Eumeralla Formation is a geological formation in Victoria, Australia whose strata date back to the Early Cretaceous. It is Aptian to Albian in age. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, particularly from the Dinosaur Cove locality.^[1]

Geology

The Eumeralla Formation was deposited within the Otway Basin, which at the time of deposition was part of an extensional rift valley system formed between Australia and Antarctica. The lithology primarily consists of fluvially deposited siliciclastics derived from volcanic material. The strata of the Eumeralla Formation are folded as a result of northwest–southeast crustal compression during the Neogene, which also reactivated some Cretaceous aged normal faults.^[2] It is one of three major fossiliferous deposits in Victoria dating to the Early Cretaceous, including the older Wonthaggi Formation and the Koonwarra fossil bed (which some authors have considered part of the Eumeralla Formation).^[3]

Paleoclimate

Paleosol facies in the Eumeralla Formation record climate fluctuations between warm and cool intervals. Warm, temperate periods are represented by Ultisols while cooler intervals at the Cape Paton locality record associated thin, gleyed Inceptisols and Entisols, which are characteristic of modern boreal forests.^[4]

Paleobiota

Invertebrate traces named as Skolithos sp. and Arenicolites sp.,^[5] as well as indeterminate ornithischian tracks are present in Victoria, Australia.^[1] Indeterminate ornithopod remains are present at Eric the Red West locality and Elliot River, including material that possibly belongs to a new taxon.^[6] Indeterminate theropod and possible indeterminate dromaeosaurid remains are present in Victoria, Australia.^[1] An indeterminate unenlagiine is known from the formation.^[7]

Dinosaurs

Ornithischians

Ornithischians of the Eumeralla Formation
Genus	Species	Presence	Material	Notes	Images
Ankylosauria^[8]	Indeterminate	Dinosaur Cove	Dorsal vertebra
Atlascopcosaurus^[1]	A. loadsi^[1]	Dinosaur Cove Eric the Red West locality^[6]	"Maxilla [and] teeth."^[9]	Elasmarian ornithopod
Diluvicursor^[2]	D. pickeringi^[2]	Eric the Red West locality	Partial postcranial skeleton.^[2]	Elasmarian ornithopod
cf.Galleonosaurus	G. dorisae^[6]	Eric the Red West locality	Maxillae	Elasmarian ornithopod
Leaellynasaura^[1]	L. amicagraphica^[1]	Dinosaur Cove Eric the Red West locality^[6]	Skull fragments, teeth, maxillae. Postcranial remains associated with the taxon cannot be confidently referred to it	Elasmarian ornithopod

Theropods

Dinosaurs of the Eumeralla Formation
Genus	Species	Presence	Material	Notes	Images
cf. Australovenator^[10]	cf. A. wintonensis	Eric the Red West locality	"two teeth, two manual unguals, and a right astragalus"	Megaraptoran theropod
Aves^[11]	Indeterminate		Footprints belonging to a crane-sized bird, determined to be an ornithurine or enantiornithe.	Possibly from a species also found at the Wonthaggi Formation (single furcula).
Carcharodontosauria^[12]	Indeterminate		"Isolated, distal end of a right tibia"	First probable record of carcharodontosaurian theropod in Australia
Elaphrosaurinae^[13]	Indeterminate	Eric the Red West locality	Single cervical vertebra
Megaraptora^[14]^[15]	Indeterminate	Dinosaur Cove	Known from a left ulna.	Probably a megaraptorid. Previously referred to Megaraptor.^[16]
Megaraptoridae^[10]	Indeterminate	Eric the Red West locality	Known from a single cervical vertebra.	Previously thought to be a Baryonyx-related spinosaurid.^[7]
Timimus^[1]	T. hermani^[1]	Dinosaur Cove	Femur	Possible tyrannosauroid theropod
Unenlagiinae^[7]	Indeterminate		Proximal portion of right femur	Probable record of unenlagiine theropod in Australia

Fish

Fish of the Eumeralla Formation
Genus	Species	Presence	Material	Notes	Images
Ceratodus	C. nargun			A lungfish	Ceratodus

Mammals

Mammals of the Eumeralla Formation
Genus	Species	Presence	Material	Notes	Images
Kryoryctes	K. cadburyi		Dinosaur Cove	A monotreme
Sundrius	S. ziegleri			A monotreme

Reptiles

Reptiles of the Eumeralla Formation
Genus	Species	Presence	Material	Notes	Images
Otwayemys	O. cunicularius	Dinosaur Cove		A meiolaniform turtle
Pterosauria	Indeterminate	Dinosaur Cove
Plesiosauria	Indeterminate	Dinosaur Cove
Mesoeucrocodylia^[17]	Indeterminate	Dinosaur Cove		Distinct from other known Australian crocodilians

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Early Cretaceous, Australasia)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 573-574. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Herne, M. C.; Tait, A. M.; Weisbecker, V.; Hall, M.; Nair, J. P.; Cleeland, M.; Salisbury, S. W. (2018-01-11). "A new small-bodied ornithopod (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from a deep, high-energy Early Cretaceous river of the Australian–Antarctic rift system". PeerJ. 5 e4113. doi:10.7717/peerj.4113. PMC 5767335. PMID 29340228.
^ McLoughlin, Stephen; Pott, Christian (February 2019). "Plant mobility in the Mesozoic: Disseminule dispersal strategies of Chinese and Australian Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous plants". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 515: 47–69. Bibcode:2019PPP...515...47M. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.12.036.
^ Retallack, G. J. (2023-08-18). "Dinosaur and tree-line invasion of southeastern Australia during Cretaceous greenhouse spikes". Australian Journal of Earth Sciences. 70 (6): 840–858. doi:10.1080/08120099.2023.2212026. ISSN 0812-0099.
^ Milanesia Beach tracksite at Fossilworks.org
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Duncan, Ruairidh J.; Evans, Alistair R.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Rich, Thomas H.; Poropat, Stephen F. (2021-05-04). "Ornithopod jaws from the Lower Cretaceous Eumeralla Formation, Victoria, Australia, and their implications for polar neornithischian dinosaur diversity". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41 (3). Bibcode:2021JVPal..41E6551D. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.1946551. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 238672791.
^ ^a ^b ^c Benson, Roger B. J.; Rich, Thomas H.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Hall, Mike (2012-05-16). "Theropod Fauna from Southern Australia Indicates High Polar Diversity and Climate-Driven Dinosaur Provinciality". PLOS ONE. 7 (5) e37122. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...737122B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037122. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3353904. PMID 22615916.
^ Barrett, Paul M.; Rich, Thomas H.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Tumanova, Tat'yana A.; Inglis, Matthew; Pickering, David; Kool, Lesley; Kear, Benjamin P. (September 2010). "Ankylosaurian dinosaur remains from the Lower Cretaceous of southeastern Australia". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 34 (3): 205–217. Bibcode:2010Alch...34..205B. doi:10.1080/03115511003655430. ISSN 0311-5518. S2CID 128882257.
^ "Table 18.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 394.
^ ^a ^b Poropat, Stephen F.; White, Matt A.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Rich, Thomas H. (2019-07-04). "New megaraptorid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) remains from the Lower Cretaceous Eumeralla Formation of Cape Otway, Victoria, Australia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (4) e1666273. Bibcode:2019JVPal..39E6273P. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1666273. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 208603798.
^ Martin, Anthony J.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Rich, Thomas H.; Hall, Michael (2013). "Oldest known avian footprints from Australia: Eumeralla Formation (Albian), Dinosaur Cove, Victoria". Palaeontology. 57: 7–19. doi:10.1111/pala.12082.
^ Kotevski, J.; Duncan, R.J.; Ziegler, T.; Bevitt, J.J.; Vickers-Rich, P.; Rich, T.H.; Evans, A.R.; Poropat, S.F. (2025). "Evolutionary and paleobiogeographic implications of new carcharodontosaurian, megaraptorid, and unenlagiine theropod remains from the upper Lower Cretaceous of Victoria, southeast Australia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 44 (4). e2441903. doi:10.1080/02724634.2024.2441903.
^ Poropat, Stephen F.; Pentland, Adele H.; Duncan, Ruairidh J.; Bevitt, Joseph J.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Rich, Thomas H. (2020-08-01). "First elaphrosaurine theropod dinosaur (Ceratosauria: Noasauridae) from Australia — A cervical vertebra from the Early Cretaceous of Victoria". Gondwana Research. 84: 284–295. Bibcode:2020GondR..84..284P. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2020.03.009. ISSN 1342-937X. S2CID 218930877.
^ Smith, Nathan D; Makovicky, Peter J; Agnolin, Federico L; Ezcurra, Martín D; Pais, Diego F; Salisbury, Steven W (2008-06-10). "A Megaraptor-like theropod (Dinosauria: Tetanurae) in Australia: support for faunal exchange across eastern and western Gondwana in the Mid-Cretaceous". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1647): 2085–2093. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0504. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 2603215. PMID 18544511.
^ Benson, Roger B. J.; Carrano, Matthew T.; Brusatte, Stephen L. (2009-10-14). "A new clade of archaic large-bodied predatory dinosaurs (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) that survived to the latest Mesozoic". Naturwissenschaften. 97 (1): 71–8. doi:10.1007/s00114-009-0614-x. ISSN 1432-1904. PMID 19826771. S2CID 22646156.
^ Smith, Nathan D; Makovicky, Peter J; Agnolin, Federico L; Ezcurra, Martín D; Pais, Diego F; Salisbury, Steven W (2008-09-22). "A Megaraptor-like theropod (Dinosauria: Tetanurae) in Australia: support for faunal exchange across eastern and western Gondwana in the Mid-Cretaceous". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1647): 2085–2093. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0504. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 2603215. PMID 18544511.
^ Ristevski, J.; Willis, P.M.A.; Yates, A.M.; White, M.A.; Hart, L.J.; Stein, M.D.; Price, G.J.; Salisbury, S.W. (2023). "Migrations, diversifications and extinctions: the evolutionary history of crocodyliforms in Australasia". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 47 (4): 370–415. Bibcode:2023Alch...47..370R. doi:10.1080/03115518.2023.2201319. hdl:1959.4/104056. S2CID 258878554.

[cretaceousdistribution-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Early Cretaceous, Australasia)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 573-574. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.

[herne2018-2] Herne, M. C.; Tait, A. M.; Weisbecker, V.; Hall, M.; Nair, J. P.; Cleeland, M.; Salisbury, S. W. (2018-01-11). "A new small-bodied ornithopod (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from a deep, high-energy Early Cretaceous river of the Australian–Antarctic rift system". PeerJ. 5 e4113. doi:10.7717/peerj.4113. PMC 5767335. PMID 29340228.

[3] McLoughlin, Stephen; Pott, Christian (February 2019). "Plant mobility in the Mesozoic: Disseminule dispersal strategies of Chinese and Australian Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous plants". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 515: 47–69. Bibcode:2019PPP...515...47M. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.12.036.

[4] Retallack, G. J. (2023-08-18). "Dinosaur and tree-line invasion of southeastern Australia during Cretaceous greenhouse spikes". Australian Journal of Earth Sciences. 70 (6): 840–858. doi:10.1080/08120099.2023.2212026. ISSN 0812-0099.

[FWMilanesia-5] Milanesia Beach tracksite at Fossilworks.org

[:1-6] Duncan, Ruairidh J.; Evans, Alistair R.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Rich, Thomas H.; Poropat, Stephen F. (2021-05-04). "Ornithopod jaws from the Lower Cretaceous Eumeralla Formation, Victoria, Australia, and their implications for polar neornithischian dinosaur diversity". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41 (3). Bibcode:2021JVPal..41E6551D. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.1946551. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 238672791.

[Benson2012-7] Benson, Roger B. J.; Rich, Thomas H.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Hall, Mike (2012-05-16). "Theropod Fauna from Southern Australia Indicates High Polar Diversity and Climate-Driven Dinosaur Provinciality". PLOS ONE. 7 (5) e37122. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...737122B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037122. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3353904. PMID 22615916.

[8] Barrett, Paul M.; Rich, Thomas H.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Tumanova, Tat'yana A.; Inglis, Matthew; Pickering, David; Kool, Lesley; Kear, Benjamin P. (September 2010). "Ankylosaurian dinosaur remains from the Lower Cretaceous of southeastern Australia". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 34 (3): 205–217. Bibcode:2010Alch...34..205B. doi:10.1080/03115511003655430. ISSN 0311-5518. S2CID 128882257.

[table-18-1-394-9] "Table 18.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 394.

[:0-10] Poropat, Stephen F.; White, Matt A.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Rich, Thomas H. (2019-07-04). "New megaraptorid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) remains from the Lower Cretaceous Eumeralla Formation of Cape Otway, Victoria, Australia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (4) e1666273. Bibcode:2019JVPal..39E6273P. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1666273. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 208603798.

[11] Martin, Anthony J.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Rich, Thomas H.; Hall, Michael (2013). "Oldest known avian footprints from Australia: Eumeralla Formation (Albian), Dinosaur Cove, Victoria". Palaeontology. 57: 7–19. doi:10.1111/pala.12082.

[12] Kotevski, J.; Duncan, R.J.; Ziegler, T.; Bevitt, J.J.; Vickers-Rich, P.; Rich, T.H.; Evans, A.R.; Poropat, S.F. (2025). "Evolutionary and paleobiogeographic implications of new carcharodontosaurian, megaraptorid, and unenlagiine theropod remains from the upper Lower Cretaceous of Victoria, southeast Australia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 44 (4). e2441903. doi:10.1080/02724634.2024.2441903.

[13] Poropat, Stephen F.; Pentland, Adele H.; Duncan, Ruairidh J.; Bevitt, Joseph J.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Rich, Thomas H. (2020-08-01). "First elaphrosaurine theropod dinosaur (Ceratosauria: Noasauridae) from Australia — A cervical vertebra from the Early Cretaceous of Victoria". Gondwana Research. 84: 284–295. Bibcode:2020GondR..84..284P. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2020.03.009. ISSN 1342-937X. S2CID 218930877.

[14] Smith, Nathan D; Makovicky, Peter J; Agnolin, Federico L; Ezcurra, Martín D; Pais, Diego F; Salisbury, Steven W (2008-06-10). "A Megaraptor-like theropod (Dinosauria: Tetanurae) in Australia: support for faunal exchange across eastern and western Gondwana in the Mid-Cretaceous". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1647): 2085–2093. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0504. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 2603215. PMID 18544511.

[15] Benson, Roger B. J.; Carrano, Matthew T.; Brusatte, Stephen L. (2009-10-14). "A new clade of archaic large-bodied predatory dinosaurs (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) that survived to the latest Mesozoic". Naturwissenschaften. 97 (1): 71–8. doi:10.1007/s00114-009-0614-x. ISSN 1432-1904. PMID 19826771. S2CID 22646156.

[16] Smith, Nathan D; Makovicky, Peter J; Agnolin, Federico L; Ezcurra, Martín D; Pais, Diego F; Salisbury, Steven W (2008-09-22). "A Megaraptor-like theropod (Dinosauria: Tetanurae) in Australia: support for faunal exchange across eastern and western Gondwana in the Mid-Cretaceous". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1647): 2085–2093. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0504. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 2603215. PMID 18544511.

[17] Ristevski, J.; Willis, P.M.A.; Yates, A.M.; White, M.A.; Hart, L.J.; Stein, M.D.; Price, G.J.; Salisbury, S.W. (2023). "Migrations, diversifications and extinctions: the evolutionary history of crocodyliforms in Australasia". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 47 (4): 370–415. Bibcode:2023Alch...47..370R. doi:10.1080/03115518.2023.2201319. hdl:1959.4/104056. S2CID 258878554.

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Eumeralla Formation
Stratigraphic range: Aptian–Albian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Eric the Red West fossil locality, with AS and ES representing Anchor Sandstone and ETRW Sandstone, respectively
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Otway Group
Sub-units	Windermere Sandstone Member, Heathfield Sandstone Member
Underlies	Sherbrook Group
Overlies	Katnook Sandstone, Laira Formation (Crayfish Subgroup)
Thickness	Up to 3,000 m (9,800 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Volcanilithic sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, conglomerate
Location
Coordinates	38°48′S 143°18′E / 38.8°S 143.3°E / -38.8; 143.3
Approximate paleocoordinates	74°48′S 115°48′E / 74.8°S 115.8°E / -74.8; 115.8
Region	Victoria
Country	Australia
Extent	Otway Basin
Type section
Named for	Eumeralla River
Named by	Reynolds, M.A
Year defined	1971
Eumeralla Formation (Australia)