Fatih Birol (born 22 March 1958) is a Turkish economist and energy expert, who has served as the executive director of the Paris-based International Energy Agency (IEA) since 1 September 2015. During his time in charge of the IEA, he has taken a series of steps to modernise the Paris-based international organisation, including strengthening ties with emerging economies like India and China and stepping up work on the clean energy transition and international efforts to reach net zero emissions.

Birol was named on the Time 100 list of the world's most influential people in 2021 and again in 2026, has been named by Forbes magazine among the most influential people on the world's energy scene and recognised by the Financial Times in 2017 as Energy Personality of the Year. Birol is the chairman of the World Economic Forum (Davos) Energy Advisory Board. He is a frequent contributor to print and electronic media and delivers numerous speeches each year at major international summits and conferences.

A Turkish citizen, Birol was born in Ankara in 1958. He earned a B.Sc. in Power Engineering from the Istanbul Technical University. He received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Energy Economics from the Technical University of Vienna. In 2013, Birol was awarded a Doctorate of Science honoris causa by Imperial College London. In 2023, he was elected as a foreign member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

Prior to joining the IEA as a junior analyst in 1995, Birol worked at the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in Vienna. Over the years at the IEA, Birol worked his way up to the job of chief economist, a role in which he was in charge of the IEA's closely watched World Energy Outlook report, before he became executive director in 2015.

While at the International Energy Agency, Birol has overseen several major changes in the approach of the organization. The organization, which historically had been heavily in favor of the fossil fuel industry, has expanded its scope to include sustainable energy and more members. Under his leadership, association agreements increased with major producers of energy, especially with countries outside the OECD in the Global South, such as India and China. This new membership model mean that IEA member and Association countries represent over 75% of global energy consumption.

Birol's approach to running the organization is both securing energy security while facilitating the energy transition. In 2021, he called on policymakers to do more to accelerate the clean energy transition and reduce emissions, saying that "Clean-energy technologies are slowly but surely going to replace the existing energy industry." This transition significantly changed the direction of the organization, which previously had focused almost entirely on fossil fuel market analysis.

Birol's influence on markets and the world energy community mainly derives from the data-rich reports produced by the IEA which The New York Times described as a "relentless spigot". His speeches and networking with world leaders at international meetings such as the United Nations Climate Change Conferences have also been influential.

Birol's work at the IEA has led to a number of his international honours and recognitions (see table below). Birol was on the Time 100 list of the world's most influential people in 2021, has been named by Forbes magazine among the most influential people on the world's energy scene and recognised by the Financial Times in 2017 as Energy Personality of the Year.