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Flammer syndrome
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Flammer syndrome
Flammer syndrome is a described clinical entity comprising a complex of clinical features caused mainly by dysregulation of the blood supply. It was previously known as vascular dysregulation. It can manifest in many symptoms, such as cold hands and feet, and is often associated with low blood pressure. In certain cases it is associated with or predisposes to the development of diseases such as a normal tension glaucoma. Flammer syndrome is named after the Swiss ophthalmologist Josef Flammer.
Most of the symptoms of Flammer syndrome result from an impaired regulation of the blood supply. How these symptoms affect the patient depends on to which organs or body parts blood supply is inhibited. Typical symptoms of Flammer syndrome are cold hands or feet, low blood pressure, occasional white and red patches on the face or neck, and migraine-like pain or a feeling of pressure behind the upper eyelid. In addition, there are symptoms not directly resulting from dysregulations of the blood supply, such as a prolonged time needed to fall asleep, a reduced feeling of thirst, and high sensitivity not only to cold but also to odors, vibrations, psychological stress, or certain medications (e.g., calcium antagonists, beta blockers). Pain and muscle spasms are common.
In many people with glaucoma, the cause of the disease is perfusion issues of the optic nerve and retina, while intraocular pressure is normal. Many patients with normal tension glaucoma have a basic constitution, which corresponds to the Flammer syndrome. Some of its features were formerly summarized under the term "primary vascular dysregulation syndrome".
Signs of Flammer syndrome include:
The disease is more prevalent in the following groups:
People with Flammer syndrome sleep poorly and have a decreased sensation of thirst.
The diagnosis of Flammer syndrome is primarily based on the patient's history with its typical features as well as the findings of nail fold capillaroscopy. This test shows an excessive constriction (narrowing) in the smallest blood vessels (capillaries) of the fingers in response to being exposed to cold. Patients with vasospastic symptoms characteristic of Flammer syndrome have shown a unique gene expression when their lymphocytes underwent gene expression profiling.
Having Flammer syndrome does not necessarily mean that an individual is sick. Most of those affected are and remain healthy. Certain diseases such as arteriosclerosis and its consequences are probably even rarer. Best known is the higher risk of normal tension glaucoma, a disease with an impaired regulation of blood flow in a large number of patients. If glaucomatous damage occurs despite normal eye pressure or if glaucomatous damage is progressive despite normalized intraocular pressure, frequently Flammer syndrome is the cause. In these eyes, an elevated pressure in the retinal veins has been observed.
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Flammer syndrome
Flammer syndrome is a described clinical entity comprising a complex of clinical features caused mainly by dysregulation of the blood supply. It was previously known as vascular dysregulation. It can manifest in many symptoms, such as cold hands and feet, and is often associated with low blood pressure. In certain cases it is associated with or predisposes to the development of diseases such as a normal tension glaucoma. Flammer syndrome is named after the Swiss ophthalmologist Josef Flammer.
Most of the symptoms of Flammer syndrome result from an impaired regulation of the blood supply. How these symptoms affect the patient depends on to which organs or body parts blood supply is inhibited. Typical symptoms of Flammer syndrome are cold hands or feet, low blood pressure, occasional white and red patches on the face or neck, and migraine-like pain or a feeling of pressure behind the upper eyelid. In addition, there are symptoms not directly resulting from dysregulations of the blood supply, such as a prolonged time needed to fall asleep, a reduced feeling of thirst, and high sensitivity not only to cold but also to odors, vibrations, psychological stress, or certain medications (e.g., calcium antagonists, beta blockers). Pain and muscle spasms are common.
In many people with glaucoma, the cause of the disease is perfusion issues of the optic nerve and retina, while intraocular pressure is normal. Many patients with normal tension glaucoma have a basic constitution, which corresponds to the Flammer syndrome. Some of its features were formerly summarized under the term "primary vascular dysregulation syndrome".
Signs of Flammer syndrome include:
The disease is more prevalent in the following groups:
People with Flammer syndrome sleep poorly and have a decreased sensation of thirst.
The diagnosis of Flammer syndrome is primarily based on the patient's history with its typical features as well as the findings of nail fold capillaroscopy. This test shows an excessive constriction (narrowing) in the smallest blood vessels (capillaries) of the fingers in response to being exposed to cold. Patients with vasospastic symptoms characteristic of Flammer syndrome have shown a unique gene expression when their lymphocytes underwent gene expression profiling.
Having Flammer syndrome does not necessarily mean that an individual is sick. Most of those affected are and remain healthy. Certain diseases such as arteriosclerosis and its consequences are probably even rarer. Best known is the higher risk of normal tension glaucoma, a disease with an impaired regulation of blood flow in a large number of patients. If glaucomatous damage occurs despite normal eye pressure or if glaucomatous damage is progressive despite normalized intraocular pressure, frequently Flammer syndrome is the cause. In these eyes, an elevated pressure in the retinal veins has been observed.