Hubbry Logo
Flinders IslandFlinders IslandMain
Open search
Flinders Island
Community hub
Flinders Island
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Flinders Island
Flinders Island
Flinders Island
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

Flinders Island, the largest island in the Furneaux Group, is a 1,367-square-kilometre (528 sq mi) island in the Bass Strait, northeast of the island of Tasmania.[2] Today Flinders Island is part of the state of Tasmania, Australia. It is 54 kilometres (34 mi) from Cape Portland and is located on 40° south, a zone known as the Roaring Forties.

Key Information

History

[edit]

Prehistory

[edit]

Flinders Island was first inhabited at least 35,000 years ago, when people made their way from Australia across the then land-bridge which is now Bass Strait. A population remained until about 4,500 years ago, succumbing to thirst and hunger following an acute El Niño climate shift.[3]

European arrival

[edit]

Some of the south-eastern islands of the Furneaux Group were first recorded in 1773 by British navigator Tobias Furneaux, commander of HMS Adventure, the support vessel with James Cook on Cook's second voyage. In February 1798, British navigator Matthew Flinders charted some of the southern islands, using one of the schooner Francis' open boats. Later that year, Flinders returned and finished charting the islands in the Norfolk; he then went on to complete the first circumnavigation of Tasmania (1798–99), accompanied by George Bass, proving Tasmania to be an island separated from the Australian mainland by Bass Strait, later named in honour of George Bass.

Etymology

[edit]

James Cook named the islands Furneaux's Islands, after Tobias Furneaux. Flinders named the largest island in the group "Great Island". He also named a group of mountains on Flinders Island, the "Three Patriarchs". The small island just to the east, Flinders named "Babel Island" from the noises made by the seabirds there. Phillip Parker King later named the largest island Flinders Island, after Matthew Flinders.[4][5][6] Flinders named Mount Chappell Island after his wife Ann née Ann Chappelle. There are three islands named "Flinders' Island"—the large island on the east side of Bass Strait, named by Phillip Parker King; an island in the Investigator Group of South Australia, named by Matthew Flinders after his young brother Samuel Flinders (midshipman on the Investigator); and an island in the Flinders Group north of Cooktown, Queensland was named after Matthew Flinders.

Settlement

[edit]
A family on Flinders Island, 1893, by A.J. Campbell

In the late 18th century, the island was often frequented by sealers and Aboriginal women, the majority of whom had been kidnapped from their mainland tribes. Seal stocks soon collapsed, causing the last sealing permit to be issued in 1828. Many sealers' families chose to stay in the Furneaux Group, subsisting on cattle grazing and muttonbirding.

Wybalenna Aboriginal Establishment

[edit]

From 1831, the remnants of the Tasmanian Aboriginal population were exiled firstly to "The Lagoons" just south of what is now the town of Whitemark, and then in 1833 to the Wybalenna Aboriginal Establishment at Settlement Point. Wybalenna is translated as "dwellings" or more colloquially "Black Man's Houses" from the language of the Ben Lomond people. These ~180 survivors were deemed to be safe from white settlers here, but conditions were poor with around 130 Aboriginal people dying at Wybalenna alone. This forced relocation scheme was therefore short-lived.[7]

In 1847, after a campaign by the Aboriginal population against their commandant, Henry Jeanneret, which involved a petition to Queen Victoria, the remaining 47 Aboriginal people were again relocated, this time to Oyster Cove Station, an ex-convict settlement 56 kilometres south of Tasmania's capital, Hobart.[8] Land on the neighbouring Cape Barren Island was formally reserved for the Aboriginal community in 1881.[9]

Soldier settlement schemes

[edit]

From the late 19th century freehold land was given out, but it was not until the 1950s that a proper settlement scheme was initiated, mainly drawing settlers from mainland Tasmania and central New South Wales to Flinders Island's eastern shore. The Municipality of Flinders Island was instituted in 1903.[10]

Geography and nature

[edit]

The island forms part of the state of Tasmania, and part of the Municipality of Flinders Island local government area. Flinders Island is only one of the many islands included in the Municipal area. Of these islands Flinders Island is the only island with more than one permanent settlement, and is by far the largest in the Furneaux Group.

The island is about 62 kilometres (39 mi) from north to south, and 37 kilometres (23 mi) from east to west.[11] with a total land area of 1,333 square kilometres (515 sq mi). Mount Strzelecki in the south west is the island's highest peak at 782 metres (2,566 ft). About a third of the island is mountainous and rugged with ridges of granite running the length of the island. The coastal areas are dominated by sandy deposits often taking the shape of dunes. Many coastal lagoons punctuate the eastern shore, formed by dunes blocking further drainage. This drainage is mainly provided by many small streams, few of them permanently flowing directly leading to the waters of Bass Strait or such a lagoon.

Aerial view of the northwest of Flinders Island

The coastal areas are mainly covered in scrub or shrubs, whereas the vegetation at a higher elevation consists of woodland, mainly eucalyptus species. The total number of plant species in the Furneaux Group well exceeds 800, showing the great biodiversity of its ecosystem.[10] Native bird species include the Cape Barren goose (Cereopsis novaehollandiae) and the short-tailed shearwater (Puffinus tenuirostris). Marsupial mammals are represented by Bennett's wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus), brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), eastern pygmy possum (Cercartetus nanus), potoroo (Potorous apicalis), common ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) and Tasmanian pademelon (Thylogale billardierii). The cape fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus) is the sole placental mammal commonly found on Flinders.[12] It is the only remaining habitat of a subspecies of common wombat, V. u. ursinus, which is listed as vulnerable by the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and IUCN Red List.[13][14] The area surrounding Mount Strzelecki in the south west of the island constitutes Strzelecki National Park. The island also supports a population of feral turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo).

Climate

[edit]

Flinders Island has a mild oceanic climate (Cfb) that is strongly moderated by the Bass Strait. The summers are drier and less cloudy than the winters, and annual average rainfall totals less than 800 mm (31 in).

Climate data for Flinders Island Airport (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1942–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 41.5
(106.7) 		39.4
(102.9) 		35.6
(96.1) 		31.7
(89.1) 		27.4
(81.3) 		20.3
(68.5) 		21.4
(70.5) 		22.7
(72.9) 		29.5
(85.1) 		32.7
(90.9) 		35.9
(96.6) 		40.5
(104.9) 		41.5
(106.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 22.6
(72.7) 		22.7
(72.9) 		21.4
(70.5) 		18.7
(65.7) 		16.3
(61.3) 		14.3
(57.7) 		13.6
(56.5) 		13.9
(57.0) 		15.3
(59.5) 		17.0
(62.6) 		18.9
(66.0) 		20.7
(69.3) 		18.0
(64.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 13.9
(57.0) 		14.1
(57.4) 		12.6
(54.7) 		10.6
(51.1) 		9.0
(48.2) 		7.1
(44.8) 		6.7
(44.1) 		6.8
(44.2) 		7.8
(46.0) 		8.7
(47.7) 		10.5
(50.9) 		12.3
(54.1) 		10.0
(50.0)
Record low °C (°F) 2.6
(36.7) 		4.0
(39.2) 		1.6
(34.9) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		0.5
(32.9) 		2.5
(36.5) 		−3.5
(25.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 52.9
(2.08) 		32.3
(1.27) 		40.4
(1.59) 		50.6
(1.99) 		62.8
(2.47) 		68.3
(2.69) 		66.0
(2.60) 		72.5
(2.85) 		58.9
(2.32) 		47.2
(1.86) 		55.9
(2.20) 		57.0
(2.24) 		668.3
(26.31)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 8.1 7.3 8.5 11.6 14.6 15.9 17.0 17.3 14.5 12.3 10.0 10.2 147.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 238.7 220.4 220.1 183.0 148.8 117.0 142.6 192.2 192.0 223.2 228.0 244.9 2,350.9
Source: Bureau of Meteorology[15][16]
Days over 30 °C (86 °F): 4.8
Days over 35 °C (95 °F): 0.8
Days under 2 °C (35.6 °F): 21.1
Days under 0 °C (32 °F): 5.6
Average Annual Windspeed:  21–25 km/h (13–15 mi/h)[17]

Central Flinders Island Important Bird Area

[edit]
Flinders Island is an important site for the forty-spotted pardalote

A 30 km2 tract of land on the island, lying mainly to the north and east of Whitemark, has been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because it contains three breeding colonies of the endangered forty-spotted pardalote and habitat used by flame robins. It also supports populations of several of Tasmania's restricted-range endemic bird species, including the green rosella, yellow-throated honeyeater, black-headed honeyeater, strong-billed honeyeater, Tasmanian thornbill, black currawong and dusky robin.[18]

Eastern Flinders Island Important Bird Area

[edit]

A 187 km2 strip of land extending the full 70 km length of Flinders Island's eastern coastline has also been identified as an IBA. it supports small numbers of fairy terns, large numbers of hooded plovers and over 1% of the world populations of chestnut teal, pied oystercatchers and sooty oystercatchers.[19]

Demographics

[edit]

The population in 2011 was 700 people; the median age being 45.[20]

Settlements include Whitemark (which has the island's main airstrip and about 155 inhabitants (2011) and Lady Barron (approx. 110 inhabitants), Blue Rocks, Killiecrankie, Wingaroo and Wybalenna[21][22] (all below Lady Barron's population figure).

The 2016 census shows that the population is rising. The population of the Local Government Area, i.e. Flinders and Cape Barren Islands is 906; up from 776 in the 2011 Census[23] and to 1010 in 2019.

The population of the 7255 postal code area, i.e. Flinders, is 833 up from 702 in 2011, a rise of over 16% for the Municipality and over 18% for Flinders over the 5-year period.

The median age of people in the Municipality has risen from 52 to 53, and the number of families has increased from 218 to 243.

Communications

[edit]

As of 4 October 2010, Sharp Airlines has been operating services between Essendon, Flinders Island and Launceston. Using 19-seat Metroliners, they fly between Essendon Airport and Flinders Island Airport three return flights a week (65 minutes) and Launceston Airport and Flinders Island Airport at least daily (25 minutes). The Tasmanian Aeroclub,[citation needed] Kirkhope Aviation[24] and Vortex Air[citation needed] also offer charter services between Launceston, Flinders Island and Victoria (as well as surrounding Islands).

A ferry service delivering food and perishable goods is operated to the island weekly by Furneaux Freight between Bridport, Tasmania and Lady Barron, Tasmania and also monthly from Port Welshpool, Victoria.[25][26]

Australian telecom provider Telstra offers the only mobile phone service on the island, providing 4G coverage across both Flinders and Cape Barren Island.[27]

Internet access is limited to either a satellite dish connection or to use the 4G network.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Flinders Island

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
![Australia_Tasmania_location_map_Flinders_Island.png][float-right]
Flinders Island is the largest island in the , located in approximately 50 kilometres north-east of the Tasmanian mainland, with a land area of 1,333 square kilometres. The island's terrain is characterised by rugged granite peaks, including the prominent Strzelecki Peaks rising to 756 metres, extensive coastal dunes, and a mix of dry forest, wetlands, and farmland. Home to around 900 permanent residents primarily engaged in , , and , it supports a concentrated in settlements like Whitemark, the administrative centre. The island's human history spans tens of thousands of years, beginning with Tasmanian Aboriginal occupation dating back more than 35,000 years, though full-time residency ended between 4,000 and 6,000 years ago due to rising sea levels isolating Tasmania. European contact began in the early 19th century with sealers and whalers, followed by the establishment of the Wybalenna settlement in 1833, where displaced Aboriginal people from mainland Tasmania were relocated; this site saw high mortality rates from disease, malnutrition, and cultural disruption, with most of the relocated population perishing by 1847. Permanent European farming communities developed from the mid-19th century, shaping the island's current pastoral landscape. Flinders Island is notable for its , hosting unique ecosystems within protected areas like Strzelecki National Park, which features rare and including the endangered forty-spotted , a small restricted to specific eucalypt habitats on the island and nearby . The island's isolation has preserved landforms and supports diverse wildlife, though pose ongoing threats to persistence. Its remote setting fosters a focus on sustainable , with economic reliance on , production, and eco-tourism highlighting the balance between conservation and habitation.

History

Prehistory and Indigenous Occupation

Archaeological evidence indicates Aboriginal occupation of Flinders Island, the largest in Tasmania's within , dating to between 6,500 and 7,000 years ago, during the mid-Holocene period following post-glacial . This occupation is evidenced by shell middens, stone artifacts, and coastal sites reflecting a economy reliant on , consistent with broader Aboriginal adaptations to island environments. Earlier Pleistocene human presence in , established around 40,000 years ago via land bridges during lower sea levels, likely extended to the Bass Strait region before inundation isolated the islands; however, direct evidence on Flinders Island post-dates the final separation of the from around 13,000–10,000 years ago. The indigenous groups on Flinders Island belonged to the northeastern Tasmanian Aboriginal nation, specifically clans associated with the North East River region, who maintained semi-permanent camps focused on seasonal exploitation of seals, , , and terrestrial game such as and birds. Surveys of prehistoric sites, including dunes and rocky shores, reveal no indications of watercraft use for regular inter-island travel in the Furneaux region, suggesting that post-separation occupation may have involved overland access during brief low-sea-level episodes or limited coastal raiding rather than sustained maritime voyaging. Artifact assemblages, comprising flaked stone tools and , align with the toolkits of mainland Tasmanian Aboriginals, who lacked ground-edge implements or bows after isolation, underscoring genetic and cultural continuity despite environmental constraints. Population estimates for pre-European contact on Flinders Island remain uncertain due to sparse data, but the island likely supported small, mobile bands numbering in the low dozens at most, integrated within 's overall indigenous population of 4,000–6,000 across nine nations. Occupation intensity appears to have been lower than on mainland , with sites concentrated in sheltered bays and resource-rich coasts, reflecting adaptive responses to the island's 2,000 square kilometers of varied including peaks and sandy plains. No evidence exists of permanent villages or , as Tasmanian Aboriginals adhered to lifeways without , being the primary land management practice to promote game habitats. This pre-contact era ended with European sighting in 1773 by Furneaux, after which indirect impacts like introduced diseases began eroding indigenous presence, though direct settlement followed later.

European Exploration and Contact

The , which includes Flinders Island as its largest member, was first sighted by Europeans in March 1773 during the second voyage of Captain . Tobias Furneaux, commanding HMS Adventure after separation from Cook's Resolution, observed the islands off the southeast coast of (now ) on 9 March while sailing northward. Furneaux did not land on any of the islands, including Flinders Island (then unnamed and perceived as part of the mainland), but noted their existence in his logs, contributing initial rudimentary charting efforts. The first European presence in the Furneaux Group occurred in late 1796 to early 1797 following the wreck of the convict transport on 9 February 1797 near Preservation Island, prompting survivors to establish temporary camps on nearby islands such as Cape Barren. This incident initiated sealing activities, with crews harvesting elephant seals for skins and oil, marking the onset of sustained European contact and resource extraction in the region, though primarily on smaller islands rather than Flinders Island itself. These early sealers, operating from makeshift bases, represented Australia's first export industry south of but involved limited direct interaction with Flinders Island's terrain. Systematic European exploration followed in 1798, led by . In February, Flinders, as lieutenant aboard the Francis, visited the Furneaux Islands to salvage cargo from a prior wreck and conducted hydrographic surveys, producing the first detailed maps of the group's coastal features. Later that year, from 7 October, Flinders and sailed the sloop Norfolk from , navigating to the Furneaux Group before proceeding westward through the strait they confirmed separated from the mainland. During this voyage, Flinders named the principal island "Great Island" (later renamed Flinders Island in his honor) and charted surrounding waters, though he did not record a landing on the island proper. These efforts disproved earlier assumptions of a continuous landmass and laid foundational nautical knowledge, facilitating future navigation despite the absence of immediate onshore contact with Flinders Island's indigenous inhabitants.

Etymology

Flinders Island, the largest of the in , was initially charted and named "Great Island" by British explorer during his 1798–1800 circumnavigation of alongside , as documented in Flinders' navigational surveys of the region. This provisional designation reflected its size relative to neighboring islands, though Flinders himself did not apply his own name to it. The received its current name in the early 1800s through a directive from , from 1800 to 1806, who renamed it Flinders Island to honor the explorer's pivotal role in delineating and adjacent coastlines, despite Flinders having mapped surrounding waters without landing on the . The broader derives from Captain Tobias Furneaux, who first sighted its eastern aspects in December 1773 while commanding HMS Adventure during James Cook's second Pacific voyage, with Cook formalizing the group name upon his return. No pre-colonial Indigenous nomenclature for the specific island is prominently recorded in historical accounts, though the area formed part of the territory of Tasmanian Aboriginal groups such as the Tayegerrer people.

Colonial Settlement and Aboriginal Relocation

In response to escalating conflicts between European settlers and Tasmanian Aboriginal groups during the of 1828–1832, colonial authorities under Governor George Arthur appointed in 1829 as Chief Protector of Aborigines to negotiate surrenders and relocate survivors to offshore islands for purported protection and civilization. Beginning in 1830, small groups were exiled to islands in the , including Flinders Island, amid widespread settler harassment and displacement that had reduced the mainland Aboriginal population from an estimated 4,000 prior to to fewer than 150 by 1835. The Wybalenna settlement, meaning "Black Man's Houses" in the local Aboriginal language, was established in 1833 on the west coast of Flinders Island near Settlement Point, initially housing around 134 exiles by 1834, with numbers reaching over 200 by 1835 as Robinson consolidated relocations from temporary sites like The Lagoons near modern Whitemark. Residents faced inadequate housing, limited food supplies dependent on inconsistent government rations and farming efforts, exposure to European diseases like and to which they had no immunity, and cultural dislocation, resulting in over 150 deaths from approximately 200 arrivals, with many buried in an unmarked at the site. In 1846, surviving residents petitioned highlighting neglect and poor conditions under Robinson's oversight, but the settlement persisted until its abandonment in 1847, when only 47 remained and were transferred to Oyster Cove on the Tasmanian mainland. European presence in the predated Wybalenna with temporary sealers and whalers establishing rough camps from the early 1820s, following initial shipwrecks like the in 1797 that introduced exploitation of , though Flinders Island itself saw limited occupation until after 1847. Upon Wybalenna's closure, colonial authorities repurposed the land for use, issuing leases for sheep and cattle grazing that initiated permanent European settlement, primarily along the island's eastern shores, with freehold titles emerging in the late to support amid the group's isolation and fertile basaltic soils. These developments integrated some mixed-descent families from earlier sealer-Aboriginal unions, but prioritized land alienation for grazing, reflecting broader expansion despite the island's remoteness from .

20th-Century Development and Soldier Schemes

In the early , Flinders Island saw limited agricultural expansion through small-scale farming on cleared lowland plains, with an influx of settlers arriving just prior to , establishing modest pastoral operations focused on sheep and basic crops. These developments were constrained by soil limitations, though later discoveries of trace elements in the postwar period enabled improved fertility for grazing lands. The most significant 20th-century transformation occurred through the post-World War II soldier settlement scheme, initiated in the early 1950s after initial delays and legislative adjustments for acquiring estates like Kentdale and Virieux. From 1951 to the early 1960s, the scheme allocated over 33,000 hectares of drained and cleared land for farming, primarily in areas such as Memena, Lackrana, and the "Gold Coast" region, more than doubling the island's population through the arrival of 85 returned servicemen and their families, many in their 30s and 40s from diverse Australian regions, including some without prior farming experience. The Land Settlement Office, established around 1950, served as the administrative hub, with oversight continuing until the last overseer departed in 1964 and allotments finalizing by 1972. This initiative boosted agriculture, particularly beef and sheep production, created employment, and revitalized community infrastructure, including the introduction of Hydro Tasmania's in the 1950s, which provided reliable electricity and supported mechanized farming. However, challenges arose due to volatile prices and inexperience, with 22 farms requiring ongoing assistance; some families departed, while others adapted, contributing to sustained multigenerational farming on the island. Overall, the scheme marked a pivotal shift from subsistence to commercial viability, enhancing economic resilience amid the island's isolation.

Geography

Physical Features and Topography

Flinders Island, the largest island in the within , spans approximately 1,359 square kilometres and lies about 54 kilometres northeast of Tasmania's Cape Portland. The island exhibits an elongated, irregular rectangular form, extending roughly 62 kilometres north-south and 37 kilometres east-west, with a dominated by rugged mountains in the southwest transitioning to low-lying coastal plains and heaths in the north and east. The Strzelecki Range forms the most prominent topographic feature, rising steeply in the island's southern third within Strzelecki National Park, where Mount Strzelecki reaches an elevation of 756 metres as the highest point. These peaks consist of granite overlain by dolerite sills, creating sharp ridges and escarpments often shrouded in cloud, while the surrounding slopes support forests and buttongrass moorlands. Coastal topography varies markedly: the western shores feature long stretches of white sandy beaches backed by dunes and fringed by headlands, whereas the eastern and northern coasts include shallow lagoons, spits, and sheltered bays formed by sand deposits. The interior lowlands, generally below elevation, comprise flat to undulating plains of Cainozoic sediments with scattered wetlands and minor drainage systems, including small streams like the North East River, but lack significant permanent rivers due to the island's moderate rainfall and porous . Overall, the island's elevation averages around 20 metres, reflecting its predominantly low-relief character punctuated by localized highlands.

Climate Patterns

Flinders Island features a cool temperate (Köppen Cfb), with mild temperatures, moderate and relatively even rainfall distribution, and persistent winds influenced by its exposure to and the prevailing westerly airflow of the . Annual mean maximum temperatures average 17.8 °C, with minimums at 9.9 °C, reflecting a small seasonal range typical of maritime influences. Rainfall totals approximately 728 mm per year at Flinders Island , concentrated slightly more in winter months due to frequent frontal systems, though coastal areas receive 600–800 mm varying by . Seasonal patterns show summers (December–February) with average maximums of 20–23 °C and minimums of 12–14 °C, accompanied by the lowest rainfall (around 38–46 mm monthly) and occasional hot spells exceeding 30 °C on about 5 days annually. Winters (June–August) are cooler, with maximums of 13–14 °C and minimums of 6–7 °C, higher rainfall (72–80 mm monthly, peaking in July), and risks of frost on roughly 5–6 days per year when temperatures dip below 0 °C. Spring and autumn serve as transitional periods with moderate conditions, though rainfall has shown a long-term decline since the mid-1970s, particularly in autumn, amid variability from westerly fronts and occasional easterly systems. Winds are a defining feature, with mean daily wind runs of 560 km and gusts capable of reaching 131 km/h, driven by mid-latitude circulation and the island's isolated position. Temperature extremes include a record high of 41.5 °C in 2009 and a low of -3.5 °C in 1976, underscoring occasional deviations from the mild norm.
MonthMean Max Temp (°C)Mean Min Temp (°C)Mean Rainfall (mm)
22.313.646.0
February22.713.837.9
March21.412.749.6
April18.810.857.4
May16.39.076.6
June14.17.172.1
13.46.479.7
August13.86.774.6
September15.27.761.5
October16.98.759.4
November18.710.354.4
December20.412.057.4
Data from Flinders Island Airport (period 1962–2025 for temperatures, 1942–2025 for rainfall).

Ecology, Flora, Fauna, and Conservation

Flinders Island's ecology encompasses diverse habitats shaped by its varied topography, ranging from coastal heathlands and wetlands like Logan Lagoon to dry sclerophyll forests and the granite massif of the Strzelecki Peaks rising to 756 meters. These environments form a biogeographic bridge between Tasmanian and Victorian flora, supporting a rich array of plant communities including heathland scrubs, sedgelands, swamp shrublands, and eucalypt-dominated woodlands. The island's 1,341 square kilometers host over 800 plant species across the broader Furneaux Group, with white gum (Eucalyptus viminalis) forests often even-aged due to historical fires over 60 years ago. Native flora includes characteristic species such as silver banksia (), southern grasstree (), and thatch saw-sedge (Gahnia radula), alongside threatened taxa like swamp beard-heath (Leucopogon esquamatus), furze hakea (Hakea ulicina), saw-leaved banksia (), horny cone-bush (Isopogon ceratophyllus), Flinders heath (Epacris paludosa), and dwarf wedge-pea (Oxylobium perennans). A Bush Blitz survey identified 10 threatened flora species, while root-rot fungus affects 48 plant species and 15 vegetation communities, including eight threatened species like Gompholobium ecostatum. Fauna diversity features 19 native mammal species, including the (Tachyglossus aculeatus), (Vombatus ursinus ursinus), swamp antechinus (Antechinus minimus minimus), eastern pygmy possum (Cercartetus nanus), and swamp rat (Rattus lutreolus velutinus), with rarer records of the New Holland mouse (Pseudomys novaehollandiae) last detected in 2001. Avifauna comprises over 114 species, serving as a stopover for migrants between and ; notable residents include the endangered forty-spotted pardalote (Pardalotus quadragintus), whose Flinders population numbered fewer than 20 individuals in 2012 and is likely now extinct there, (Lathamus discolor), and (Cereopsis novaehollandiae). Reptiles total nine species, such as (Notechis scutatus) and copperhead (Austrelaps superbus), while amphibians include six frogs like the vulnerable (Litoria raniformis); invertebrates feature threatened burrowing crayfish (Engaeus martigener and E. cunicularius) and butterflies like the fringed heath-blue (Neolucia agricola insulana). Strzelecki habitats support dense cover for species like the (Potorous tridactylus). Conservation efforts focus on protected areas covering key habitats, including Strzelecki National Park and Wingaroo Nature Reserve (9,144 hectares), which safeguard endangered heathlands and rare species listed under Tasmania's Threatened Species Protection Act 1995. Management includes fire regimes to maintain vegetation, track closures to limit disturbance, and hygiene protocols to curb spread in designated management areas like Wingaroo and North Patriarch. The 2012 Hamish Saunders Memorial Trust survey recommended biosecurity enhancements following detections of feral pigs impacting at least 30 native taxa, alongside invasive weeds such as African boxthorn (163 new records) and (59 records). Additional threats encompass from wildfires, as seen in the 2002-2003 burns that affected colonies, and chytrid affecting amphibians; ongoing monitoring via trap nights (e.g., 460 in 2012) and pest eradication initiatives aim to mitigate these pressures.

Demographics and Society

The population of the Furneaux Island Group, which encompasses Flinders Island and under the Flinders Council area, totaled 922 residents according to the conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). This marked an increase from 906 in the 2016 Census and 776 in the 2011 Census, reflecting a modest upward trend over the decade with an approximate average annual growth rate of 1.7% from 2011 to 2021. The estimated resident population (ERP) reached 941 as of June 30, 2024, with year-over-year growth of 0.86%, outpacing the 0.25% growth in Regional but remaining below broader Australian averages. Demographic aging characterizes the island's population dynamics, with a median age of 57 years in 2021—substantially higher than Tasmania's state median of 42.2 years. Only 12.7% of residents were under 15 years old, while 36.4% were 65 years or older, indicating low natural increase due to below-replacement fertility and elevated mortality rates typical of rural, remote communities with limited healthcare access. The sex ratio slightly favored males at 51.5%, consistent with patterns in aging rural populations where male retirees predominate. Migration sustains recent growth amid stagnant or negative natural change. Between 2016 and 2021, 60.0% of the aged 5 and over remained at the same address, while 29.9% relocated internally within , including net inflows from (16) and Victoria (9) but a net outflow to the rest of (-34). Overseas arrivals contributed 2.3% to the population shift, often retirees or migrants drawn to the island's isolation, though out-migration of working-age residents to mainland for employment and services offsets some gains. Household sizes averaged 1.94 persons in 2021, down from prior decades, underscoring smaller family units and increasing lone-person dwellings amid exodus. These trends signal vulnerability to further decline without targeted retention policies, as projections for Tasmanian regional areas anticipate subdued growth through 2053 driven more by migration than births.

Ethnic and Cultural Composition

The ethnic composition of Flinders Island and the adjacent , governed by the Flinders Island Council, is predominantly of European descent, reflecting patterns of colonial settlement in . According to the data analyzed by community profiles, the most commonly reported ancestries among residents include English (12.1%), Australian (11.7%), Scottish (11.1%), and Irish (10.3%), collectively accounting for a significant portion of the approximately 900 residents in the local government area. These figures indicate a strong heritage, consistent with broader Tasmanian demographics shaped by 19th-century British immigration and farming communities. A notable minority, comprising 15.3% of the , reports Australian Aboriginal ancestry, exceeding the Tasmanian state average of 5.4%. This elevated proportion stems from historical relocations of Tasmanian Aboriginal to Flinders Island in the 1830s, where a settlement at Wybalenna housed over 130 individuals before high mortality rates from and hardship reduced their numbers; survivors and descendants later concentrated on , fostering a mixed Indigenous-European community. Today, 149 residents identify as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander, representing about 16% of the total, with families maintaining cultural ties through organizations like the Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre, though intermarriage has resulted in blended ancestries without full cultural isolation. Culturally, the islands exhibit a rural Anglo-Australian character, with English as the sole primary language (over 95% proficiency) and community life centered on , , and isolation-influenced . Religious affiliation is low, with 55.3% reporting no in 2021, followed by at 21.8%, underscoring a secular, pragmatic over doctrinal diversity. Indigenous cultural elements persist more prominently on , including oral histories and advocacy for land rights, but the overall society integrates these with mainstream Australian norms, showing limited recent or non-European influences due to the remote location.

Economy

Primary Sectors: Agriculture, Fishing, and Resource Use

Agriculture on Flinders Island primarily focuses on livestock production, with beef cattle and sheep farming dominating due to the island's mild climate and reliable 750-millimetre annual rainfall, which support pasture-based systems. Beef enterprises, such as those operated by families like the Andersons, emphasize grass-fed production, with properties spanning hundreds of hectares dedicated to rotational grazing and regenerative practices to enhance soil health and resilience against dry conditions. Sheep farming contributes wool and lamb, forming a key part of the rural economy, while smaller-scale production includes wallaby meat processing, wine grapes, and olive oil. In the 2021 census, agriculture, forestry, and fishing employed more residents of the Furneaux Island Group (including Flinders) than any other sector, underscoring its role as the traditional economic foundation. Commercial fishing, historically robust with up to 25 cray boats operating at its peak, has centered on southern rock lobster () and , supporting local families through direct sales and exports. However, the industry has contracted significantly; by December 2022, the last full-time commercial crayfisher, 80-year-old Jack Wheatley, retired after 70 years, citing excessive regulatory burdens as a primary factor in the decline. Abalone and scale harvesting persist on a smaller scale, alongside , which remains vital for community sustenance and tourism, though opposition to proposed finfish expansions—such as farming—reflects concerns over ecological impacts on wild stocks. Resource extraction is minimal and localized, primarily involving quarrying for , , and to support like , with annual limits such as 4,999 cubic metres at proposed sites like Vinegar Hill. Historical investigations into tin fields and limestone deposits occurred in the mid-20th century, but no large-scale operations exist, and recent efforts have prioritized sustainable use from sedimentary aquifers rather than extractive industries. reports from 2023-2024 highlight dwindling gravel reserves, prompting calls for expanded quarrying to seal additional roads, indicating resource use is geared toward self-sufficiency rather than .

Tourism and Emerging Industries

Tourism on Flinders Island emphasizes its rugged granite headlands, pristine beaches, and mountainous terrain, attracting visitors for , , and wildlife observation. Key attractions include Strzelecki National Park for bushwalking to peaks rising directly from the sea, Palana Beach for its white sands, Trousers Point for coastal walks, and Castle Rock for scenic views. The Furneaux Museum highlights the island's natural and , including Indigenous and settler history at sites like Wybalenna. In the year ending June 2019, the island received over 7,500 visitors, generating 38,400 visitor nights. The tourism sector contributes 6.7% to total employment on Flinders Island, aligning closely with Tasmania's statewide figure of 7.2%, and adds $1.7 million in value-added to the local economy. Local strategies aim to boost visitor numbers, extend stays, increase spending, and improve dispersal across the island through marketing plans developed by Flinders Island Tourism and Business Inc. Access via scenic flights from Launceston or ferries from supports these efforts, with turquoise waters and abundant marine life drawing anglers and snorkelers. Emerging industries include adventure and niche production, driven by young entrepreneurs establishing operations to diversify the beyond traditional . Initiatives focus on creating a " haven" through local vineyards like Unavale and sustainable ventures, complementing eco-adventures such as guided hikes and in untouched areas. These developments aim to sustain population retention and economic vitality amid challenges like limited .

Governance and Infrastructure

Local Administration and Political Structure

Flinders Council serves as the local government authority for Flinders Municipality in , , overseeing administration across the of approximately 52 islands in eastern , with Flinders Island comprising the majority of the land area at 1,972 square kilometers. The council delivers core services mandated under Tasmania's Local Government Act 1993, including maintenance, regulatory functions, and community support, while emphasizing financial sustainability and resident consultation in decision-making. It maintains an apolitical stance, prioritizing merit-based, impartial free from partisan affiliations, which aligns with the non-partisan nature of Tasmanian local councils where elected members typically operate as independents. The political structure comprises seven elected positions: one , one , and five councillors, all serving concurrent four-year terms. Elections occur statewide every four years via compulsory full postal administered by the Tasmanian Electoral Commission, with the most recent held in October 2022 and the next scheduled for 2026; candidates for and must first be elected as councillors. in the 2022 Flinders election reached approximately 82%, reflecting community engagement in selecting representatives for policy on issues like and . As of 2025, Mayor Rachel Summers (first elected 2018) chairs council meetings and key committees on aviation, shipping, and boating infrastructure, while Vanessa Grace (also first elected 2018) supports executive functions and participates in shipping oversight. The remaining councillors—Garry Blenkhorn, Aaron Burke, Carol Cox, Chris Rhodes, and Ken Stockton—contribute to committees addressing , environment, and community services, with all terms expiring in 2026. Council operations emphasize transparency through public agendas, minutes, and a gifts register, ensuring in allocating rates for priorities like road repairs and promotion. This structure facilitates localized decision-making subordinate to Tasmania's , which provides oversight via the Department of Premier and Cabinet without direct intervention in routine administration.

Transportation, Communications, and Utilities

Access to Flinders Island is primarily by air, with Sharp Airlines operating regular public transport flights to Flinders Island Airport from mainland locations such as Launceston and . Sea access occurs via cargo ferries from on Tasmania's northeast coast, with at least one weekly round trip to Lady Barron Port, and vehicle ferries available through Bass Strait Freight for transporting cars. Internally, the island features approximately 450 kilometers of sealed and unsealed roads suitable for standard two-wheel-drive vehicles, connecting settlements, lookouts, and coastal areas, though no public bus services operate; visitors typically rent cars at the airport or ports or use tour operators. Communications infrastructure includes landline telephones available in most accommodations, supplemented by WiFi access via the (NBN) for higher-speed internet. Mobile coverage has been enhanced through Telstra's upgrades completed between late 2019 and September 2020, providing improved data speeds and broader reach across Flinders Island and nearby . Utilities encompass a hybrid electricity system operational since the Flinders Island Hybrid Energy Hub's implementation, integrating solar photovoltaic arrays, turbines, battery storage, and diesel backups to reduce reliance on imported fuel and stabilize supply for the island's approximately 900 residents, with commissioning phases advancing renewable integration by 2025. was bolstered by the opening of Henderson Dam at Whitemark in 2023, delivering reliable to the community amid prior challenges with remote supply logistics.

Cultural Heritage and Controversies

Indigenous History: Facts, Policies, and Outcomes

The Tasmanian Aboriginal people, known as palawa, occupied Flinders Island as part of their broader territory in the for over 35,000 years prior to European contact, utilizing the island seasonally for hunting, fishing, and resource gathering until sea levels rose around 10,000–12,000 years ago, isolating and leading to full-time occupation of the main island while maintaining connections to offshore sites. European sealers and whalers began arriving in the early 1800s, intermarrying with Aboriginal women from the straits clans, resulting in mixed-descent communities; by the , approximately 10 Aboriginal women had formed unions with sealers on Flinders Island, contributing to the survival of genetic and cultural lineages outside official colonial controls. Colonial policies under Lieutenant-Governor George Arthur escalated after the (1825–1832), a period of violent conflict that killed hundreds of Aboriginal people through militia actions and settler reprisals, prompting the 1830 "Black Line" operation—a failed cordon of over 2,200 settlers and soldiers aimed at capturing remaining southeastern clans, which displaced groups and facilitated coerced relocations. Arthur's Conciliation and Protection policy then mandated segregation, leading to the establishment of Wybalenna (meaning "black man's houses") on Flinders Island's west coast in late 1833 as a compulsory settlement for "civilizing" and isolating Aboriginal survivors; by 1835, over 200 had been forcibly removed from mainland , with initial numbers reaching 134 residents under commandant . Conditions at Wybalenna deteriorated due to inadequate food, exposure to European diseases like influenza and syphilis, cultural disruption, and failed agricultural assimilation efforts, causing a mortality rate exceeding 70%; of the 200+ relocated, only 47 survived by 1847 when the settlement closed amid reports of malnutrition and despair, with the remnants—deemed the "last Tasmanians"—transferred to Oyster Cove near Hobart. These outcomes reflected broader causal factors of demographic collapse from introduced pathogens (to which Aboriginal people had no immunity) and enforced sedentism disrupting hunter-gatherer adaptations, rather than solely interpersonal violence, though policies ignored these realities in favor of ideological removal. Today, Flinders Island's population of approximately 922 (2021 census) includes about 15% identifying as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander, largely descendants of the 19th-century straits women and sealers, as well as later migrations; this contrasts with the near-total erasure of full-blood Tasmanian Aboriginal lines post-Wybalenna, underscoring policy legacies of genetic dilution through intermarriage and survival via peripheral communities outside state control. Modern recognition includes site protections at Wybalenna, now a heritage area spanning 140 hectares with remnants like a chapel and graveyard, though repatriation efforts for remains have faced institutional resistance until recent apologies.

Modern Cultural Life and Community Challenges

The cultural life of Flinders Island revolves around community-driven events that emphasize local , , and outdoor activities, fostering social cohesion in its small, isolated . The annual Flinders Island Show, held in , features judging, produce displays, arts and crafts, children's activities, and live music, drawing residents and visitors to celebrate rural traditions; the 90th iteration is scheduled for October 17, 2025. The Furneaux Festival in January spans three days with food, music, and cultural performances, highlighting island heritage and community spirit. Additionally, the Flinders Island Running Festival in September 2025 includes new trail runs and walks to showcase the island's landscapes, promoting fitness and tourism ties. Local arts and culture are supported by the Flinders Council through grants, educational programs, facilities, and assistance for galleries and museums, enabling resident-led initiatives despite limited resources. Community events, tracked via the council's free app, encompass diverse activities year-round, from workshops to markets, reinforcing interpersonal networks in a tight-knit setting. Community challenges stem primarily from demographic pressures and infrastructural constraints, threatening long-term viability. The island's working-age population is projected to decline from around 534 to 493 within five years, exacerbating and skills shortages. Housing shortages, intensified by recent influxes, have created a "tipping point" where limited stock and high demand hinder further growth, as detailed in the May 2025 Flinders Study, which attributes this to small rural socio-economic realities. Geographic isolation in amplifies access issues to mainland services, healthcare, and youth opportunities, contributing to out-migration and straining community services. Despite entrepreneurial efforts in , these factors underscore a broader struggle for renewal.

References

  1. https://www.flinders.tas.gov.au/client-assets/images/Live/downloads/New%2520Resident%25202021%2520Updated%252011-08-2021.pdf
  2. https://parks.tas.gov.au/explore-our-parks/strzelecki-national-park
  3. https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/602031099
  4. https://www.flinders.tas.gov.au/furneaux-history
  5. https://www.flinders.tas.gov.au/aboriginal-history
  6. https://nre.tas.gov.au/Documents/FlindersIslandReportFULL.pdf
  7. https://www.flinders.tas.gov.au/client-assets/images/Learn/downloads/Council%2520Reports/2019.03.31%2520-%2520FTI%2520Consulting%2520%27Study%2520of%2520Economics%2C%2520Business%2520&%2520Social%2520Structure%2520on%2520Tasmania%27s%2520Flinders%2520Island%27.pdf
  8. https://os.pennds.org/archaeobib_filestore/pdf_articles/Antiquity/1995_69_266_Bowdler.pdf
  9. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440323000997
  10. https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/aboriginal-heritage-twwha.pdf
  11. https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/items/45bf8da7-6572-44b6-a417-6b724c6b4326
  12. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1040618214005163
  13. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tasmanian-Aboriginal-people
  14. https://bth.humanrights.gov.au/significance/historical-context-ancient-history
  15. https://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/encounters/places/flinders-island
  16. http://www.ourtasmania.com.au/exploration-furneaux.html
  17. https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/flinders-matthew-2050
  18. https://bassandflindersmuseum.com.au/norfolk
  19. https://www.odysseytraveller.com/articles/bass-flinders-mapping-of-tasmania/
  20. https://www.nma.gov.au/learn/encounters-education/community-stories/flinders-island
  21. https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/robinson-george-augustus-2596
  22. https://www.utas.edu.au/library/companion_to_tasmanian_history/W/Wybalenna.htm
  23. https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/projects/bringing-them-home-chapter-6
  24. https://furneauxgeotrail.flinders.tas.gov.au/pdf-links/furneaux-group-geology-1947-report-blake.pdf
  25. https://profile.id.com.au/flinders-island/about
  26. https://tasmania.com/points-of-interest/flinders-island/
  27. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/52774446
  28. https://www.furneauxmuseum.org.au/the-collection/land-settlement-office-pg/
  29. https://www.thetasmaniantuxedo.com/people/102-an-island-gentleman/
  30. https://www.smh.com.au/traveller/inspiration/flinders-island-culture-and-history-20081119-6aqq.html
  31. https://www.hydro.com.au/the-spill/the-spill/2021/10/26/island-power
  32. https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/landforms/islands
  33. https://www.worldatlas.com/islands/flinders-island.html
  34. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/13422/4/1971_Sutherland_Cainozoic_geology_Flinders_Island.pdf
  35. https://www.discovertasmania.com.au/regions/flinders-island/guide-to-flinders-island/
  36. https://www.mrt.tas.gov.au/mrtdoc/dominfo/download/UR1950_084_130/UR1950_084-130.pdf
  37. https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/map-83wq9m/Flinders-Island/
  38. http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_099005_All.shtml
  39. https://www.dpac.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0014/24125/LGA_Climate_Profile_Flinders.pdf
  40. https://parks.tas.gov.au/Documents/wingaroomapdf.pdf
  41. https://parks.tas.gov.au/Documents/strzpdf.pdf
  42. https://bushblitz.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/TAS-Flinders-FINAL-REPORT-updated.pdf
  43. https://nrmsouth.org.au/project/protecting-the-forty-spotted-pardalote/
  44. https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2016/602031099
  45. https://www.flinders.tas.gov.au/client-assets/images/Learn/downloads/Council%2520Reports/Flinders%2520Island%2520Tourism%2520Region%2520-%2520Economic%2520Impact%2520Analysis_Final.v1.pdf
  46. https://profile.id.com.au/flinders-island/population-estimate
  47. https://profile.id.com.au/flinders-island/migration
  48. https://profile.id.com.au/flinders-island/population
  49. https://www.treasury.tas.gov.au/Documents/TasPOPP%25202024%2520-%2520Tasmanian%2520and%2520local%2520government%2520area%2520population%2520projections%25202023%2520to%25202053%2520-%2520final%2520report.pdf
  50. https://profile.id.com.au/flinders-island/ancestry
  51. https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/IQS602031099
  52. https://profile.id.com.au/flinders-island/religion
  53. https://www.rabobank.com.au/knowledge/insights/2022/anderson-family
  54. https://www.agriculture.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/northern-tasmania-regional-drought-resilience-plan.pdf
  55. https://www.flinders.tas.gov.au/client-assets/images/Live/downloads/New%2520Resident%25202022%2520Updated%252031-08-2022.pdf
  56. https://profile.id.com.au/flinders-island/industries
  57. https://www.hammondseafoods.com.au/history
  58. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-12-30/flinders-island-last-crayfisher-jack-wheatley/101788826
  59. https://www.patagonia.com.au/blogs/roaring-journals/stones-in-the-strait-the-flinders-way-of-life-doesn-t-involve-fish-farms
  60. https://economy.id.com.au/northern-tasmania/about?WebID=120
  61. https://www.flinders.tas.gov.au/client-assets/images/Council/Downloads/Agendas/2023.03/14.1.4%2520DA2022029Traffic%2520Impact%2520Statement%2520V2.pdf
  62. https://www.quarrymagazine.com/flinders-island-quarry-proposed/
  63. https://nre.tas.gov.au/Documents/Conceptual%2520Model%2520Report%2520for%2520Flinders%2520Island.pdf
  64. https://www.flinders.tas.gov.au/client-assets/images/Council/Downloads/Annual%2520reports/2023%25202024%2520Annual%2520Report-Draft%25202024.11.25.pdf
  65. https://www.discovertasmania.com.au/regions/flinders-island/
  66. https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attractions-g504296-Activities-Flinders_Island_Tasmania.html
  67. https://visitflindersisland.com.au/
  68. https://www.islanderway.co/post/what-is-the-islander-way
  69. https://www.aph.gov.au/DocumentStore.ashx?id=931a922a-e463-4b9b-825c-c8886c12dd14&subId=563113
  70. https://www.australia.com/en-us/places/hobart-and-surrounds/island-hopping-around-tasmania.html
  71. https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2019-10-30/flinders-island-entrepreneurs-carve-out-niche-businesses/11630360
  72. https://www.futurelocal.tas.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Flinders-Council.pdf
  73. https://www.flinders.tas.gov.au/about-council/
  74. https://www.flinders.tas.gov.au/councillor-profiles
  75. https://www.tec.tas.gov.au/local-government/elections-2022/results/flinders/index.html
  76. https://www.tec.tas.gov.au/info/Publications/LocalGovernmentElectionReports/Current_Reports/Individual_Reports/2022-Flinders-Council-election-report.pdf
  77. https://www.dpac.tas.gov.au/divisions/local_government/about_councils/local_government_elections
  78. https://www.flinders.tas.gov.au/how-to-get-here
  79. https://www.flinders.tas.gov.au/getting-things-on-and-off-the-island
  80. https://www.discovertasmania.com.au/planning/getting-here/
  81. https://visitflindersisland.com.au/getting-around/
  82. https://about2cruise.co.uk/flinders-island-tasmania-cruise-ship-port-guide/
  83. https://visitflindersisland.com.au/communication-services/
  84. https://www.telstra.com.au/aboutus/media/media-releases/telstra-flinders-island-completion
  85. https://arena.gov.au/projects/flinders-island-hybrid-energy-hub/
  86. https://www.hydro.com.au/docs/default-source/clean-energy/hybrid-energy-solutions/flinders_island.pdf?sfvrsn=f0ad4828_2
  87. https://www.awa.asn.au/resources/latest-news/overcoming-complications-to-deliver-water-security-for-flinders-island
  88. https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/the-black-line
  89. https://www.discovertasmania.com.au/things-to-do/festivals-and-events/annualflindersislandshow/
  90. https://visitnortherntasmania.com.au/events/flinders-island-show-2023
  91. https://visitflindersisland.com.au/events/
  92. https://flindersisland.run/run-walk
  93. https://www.flinders.tas.gov.au/arts-and-culture
  94. https://www.flinders.tas.gov.au/community-events/
  95. https://assets.pc.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/246242/subdr165-remote-tax-attachment.pdf
  96. https://www.flinders.tas.gov.au/client-assets/images/Council/Downloads/Report%2520Library/Flinders%2520Housing%2520Study%2520May%25202025%2520v4.pdf
  97. https://www.examiner.com.au/story/8871737/flinders-islands-tipping-point-housing-under-strain/
  98. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-31/housing-shortage-hits-flinders-island/9101386
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.