Hubbry Logo
search
logo
GSAT-3 avatar
GSAT-3
GSAT-3
current hub
G

GSAT-3

logo
Community Hub0 Subscribers
Read side by side
GSAT-3
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

GSAT-3
Mission typeCommunication satellite
OperatorISRO
COSPAR ID2004-036A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.28417
Websitewww.isro.gov.in
Mission duration7 years planned[1]
6 years achieved[2]
Spacecraft properties
BusI-2K
ManufacturerISRO Satellite Centre
Space Applications Centre
Launch mass1,950 kilograms (4,300 lb)
Power2040 watts
Start of mission
Launch date20 September 2004, 10:31:00 (2004-09-20UTC10:31Z) UTC[3]
RocketGSLV Mk.I F01
Launch siteSatish Dhawan FLP
ContractorISRO
Entered service24 September 2004
End of mission
DisposalMoved to Graveyard orbit
Deactivated30 September 2010 (2010-10-01)[2]
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric
RegimeGeostationary
Longitude74° East
Perigee altitude36,066 kilometres (22,410 mi)
Apogee altitude36,084 kilometres (22,422 mi)
Inclination2.71 degrees
Period24.17 hours
Epoch14 December 2013, 14:55:38 UTC[4]
← GSAT-2
GSAT-4 →

GSAT-3, also known as EDUSAT, was a communications satellite which was launched on 20 September 2004 by the Indian Space Research Organisation. EDUSAT is the first Indian satellite built exclusively to serve the educational sector. It is mainly intended to meet the demand for an interactive satellite-based distance education system for the country.[5]

EDUSAT carries five Ku band transponders providing spot beams, one Ku band transponder providing a national beam and six extended C band transponders providing national coverage beams.

EDUSAT was successfully launched into a Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) on the first operational launch of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, which flew from the First Launch Pad at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota. EDUSAT was initially placed into a transfer orbit with a perigee of 180 kilometres (110 mi) and an apogee of 35,985 kilometres (22,360 mi) and a period of 10.5 hours, inclined at 19.2 degrees to the equator.

EDUSAT was decommissioned in September 2010 and relocated to a graveyard orbit.[2][4]

Launch sequence

[edit]
GSLV-F01 Blasting off from the Sathish Dawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, to place EDUSAT- India's first full-fledged educational satellite- in orbit on 20 September 2004

The 414 tonne, 49 m tall GSLV, carrying the 1950 kg GSAT-3, lifted off from Sriharikota at 4:01 pm. About seventeen minutes after lift off, the satellite was successfully placed in GTO. At 4.8 seconds before the countdown reached zero, the four liquid propellant strap-on stages, each carrying 40 tonne of hypergolic liquid propellants (UH25 and N2O4), were ignited. At count zero and after confirming the normal performance of all the four strap-on motors, the 138 tonne solid propellant first stage core motor was ignited and GSLV blazed into the sky. The major phases of the flight included the first stage burn-out at 104 seconds, the strap on burn-out at 150 seconds, ignition of the second stage at 150 seconds, heat shield separation at an altitude of 115 km and 227 seconds into the flight, second stage burn-out at 288 seconds, ignition of the 12.5 tonne cryogenic stage at 304 seconds and its shut down at 999 seconds after attaining the required velocity of 10.2 km per second.

EDUSAT was put into orbit at 1014 seconds about 5000 km away from Sriharikota. The separated cryogenic stage was subsequently reoriented and passivated.

Solar array deployment

[edit]

Soon after its injection into GTO, the two solar arrays of EDUSAT were automatically deployed. The deployment of the arrays as well as the general health of the satellite were monitored by the ground station of the ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command network (ISTRAC) located in the Indonesian island of Biak. The Master Control Facility (MCF) at Hassan in Karnataka has since taken control of EDUSAT for all its post launch operations. Ground stations at Lake Cowichan (Canada), Fucino (Italy) and Beijing (China) are supporting MCF in monitoring the health of the satellite and its orbit raising operations.

Its designated orbital slot is 74 degree East longitude in the Geostationary Orbit. There, it will be co-located with KALPANA-1 and INSAT-3C.

EDUSAT was developed by ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore. The payloads were developed by Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad. Master Control Facility (ISRO) at Hassan is responsible for all post launch operations of the satellite.

VICTERS

[edit]
Main article: Victers TV

India's first broadband network on EDUSAT for schools, VICTERS (Versatile ICT Enabled Resource for Students) inaugurated by Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam, former president of India on 28 July 2005 in Thiruvananthapuram has revolutionized classrooms. Through IT@School Project, Kerala has demonstrated how EDUSAT could be used to successfully empower teachers.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

GSAT-3

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
GSAT-3, also known as EDUSAT, is an Indian geostationary communications satellite developed and launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) on 20 September 2004 aboard the GSLV-F01 rocket from Sriharikota, marking the first satellite built exclusively for the educational sector to support distance learning from school to higher education levels across remote areas of India.[1] Built on the I-2000 satellite bus platform, it has a launch mass of 1,950.5 kg, dimensions of 2.54 m × 1.525 m, and generates 2,040 W of power, with a planned minimum mission life of seven years.[1] The satellite carries 12 transponders, including five Ku-band transponders for spot beams covering specific regions of India, one Ku-band transponder for national coverage, and six extended C-band transponders providing all-India footprint for broadcast services.[2] Positioned in geostationary orbit at 74° East longitude alongside METSAT (KALPANA-1) and INSAT-3C, it was initially placed into a geosynchronous transfer orbit with a perigee of 180 km and apogee of 35,985 km before being raised to its operational slot using its onboard Liquid Apogee Motor.[3][2] EDUSAT's primary objective was to enhance educational outreach through interactive multimedia and teleconferencing, enabling virtual classrooms and resource sharing to bridge the digital divide in underserved regions.[1] The satellite operated for six years until it was decommissioned in September 2010 due to power degradation and relocated to a graveyard orbit, where it remains inactive as of 2025.[4][5]

Background

Development

The development of GSAT-3, also known as EDUSAT, was initiated under the Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system in the early 2000s as part of the Indian Space Research Organisation's (ISRO) efforts to leverage space technology for socio-economic development, particularly to bridge educational gaps in remote and underserved regions of India.[1] This initiative stemmed from the recognized need for a dedicated platform to support distance learning, tele-education, and telemedicine amid growing demands for accessible education beyond urban centers.[6] In October 2002, ISRO formally conceived the EDUSAT project following consultations that highlighted the limitations of existing communication satellites in meeting specialized educational broadcasting requirements..pdf) The project received approval from the Government of India later that year, marking a significant step in ISRO's expansion of the INSAT constellation to include thematic satellites tailored for public service applications.[7] Development proceeded rapidly under the oversight of the Department of Space, with funding allocated through annual budgetary provisions to support ISRO's satellite programs.[8] Key to the project's success was extensive collaboration with educational stakeholders, including the Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) for content curation and program design, as well as multiple state governments to identify regional needs and ensure localized implementation of distance education networks.[9] ISRO coordinated requirements gathering through workshops and pilot studies involving these partners, focusing on interactive multi-point connectivity for classrooms and training centers across diverse geographies.[7] This partnership model emphasized ISRO's role in providing the technical backbone while educational entities handled curriculum and utilization strategies.[5] The satellite was constructed at ISRO's U. R. Rao Satellite Centre (URSC) in Bengaluru, which served as the lead facility for design, assembly, and testing.[10] Drawing on the proven I-2K bus platform—ISRO's standard 2,000 kg-class geostationary satellite architecture—the team integrated the payload and subsystems over approximately two years.[1] Assembly and integration were finalized in the months leading up to launch, enabling the satellite to meet stringent performance criteria for educational broadcasting within the compressed timeline..pdf)

Objectives

GSAT-3, also known as EDUSAT, was designed to provide interactive multimedia education services ranging from school-level to higher education, targeting remote and underserved regions across India to facilitate distance learning where traditional infrastructure is limited.[1] The satellite aimed to deliver high-quality educational content through audio-visual mediums, enabling real-time interaction between educators and students in areas lacking adequate schooling facilities.[2] A core objective was to support two-way video conferencing, digital classrooms, and broadband-like connectivity for educational purposes, with the capacity to connect over 5,000 remote terminals in its operational phases, thereby linking thousands of institutions nationwide.[11] This included provisions for on-demand video programming and virtual learning environments to enhance teacher training and curriculum delivery in isolated locations.[12] The mission integrated with ground infrastructure comprising satellite interactive terminals (SITs) for two-way communication and receive-only terminals (ROTs) for broadcast reception, supported by national and regional hubs to form the EDUSAT network managed under ISRO's oversight.[7] These elements enabled a scalable system for educational broadcasting and interaction. The long-term goal was to bridge the digital divide by prioritizing underserved states such as Kerala, Bihar, and the northeastern region, where initial implementations connected schools and training centers to central content providers.[13][14][15] To achieve regional targeting, the satellite utilized Ku-band spot beams focused on high-need areas.[1]

Design

Spacecraft bus

GSAT-3 utilizes ISRO's I-2K satellite bus, a standardized and modular platform developed for geostationary communication satellites to support reliable operations in orbit.[1][16] This bus provides the foundational architecture, enabling efficient integration of subsystems while accommodating the demands of extended missions in the harsh space environment.[17] The core structure of the I-2K bus is a cylindrical frame constructed from aluminum alloy, specifically AA 7075 for the isogrid panels and AA 2014 for the end rings, offering high strength-to-weight ratio suitable for launch stresses and orbital stability.[18] Measuring 2.54 meters in height and 1.525 meters in diameter, this open isogrid design facilitates the mounting of internal components and protects against structural loads during ascent and deployment.[1] Deployment mechanisms are integral to the bus, allowing for the extension of antennas and solar arrays post-launch to achieve full operational configuration in geostationary orbit.[17] These systems ensure precise positioning and unfurling, minimizing risks associated with vibration and thermal expansion. Thermal control is managed through a combination of passive elements, such as multi-layer insulation blankets, and active components like electrical heaters, to regulate temperatures across the satellite in the vacuum and radiative conditions of geostationary space.[19] This approach maintains component integrity by countering extreme diurnal variations and solar exposure. The onboard computer subsystem, part of the command and data handling architecture, processes telecommands from ground stations, manages telemetry data, and oversees attitude control and housekeeping functions for autonomous operation.

Payload

The payload of GSAT-3, also known as EDUSAT, consists of multiple transponders designed primarily for educational broadcasting, enabling interactive distance education across India. It includes six upper extended C-band transponders, each providing a 36 MHz bandwidth for national coverage, supporting broad-area transmission of educational content with an effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 36 dBW at the edge of coverage.[20][2] In the Ku-band, the payload features five lower Ku-band transponders configured for spot beams targeting specific regions such as North, South, and East India, each with 36 MHz bandwidth and 55 dBW EIRP at the edge of coverage to enhance signal strength in focused areas. Complementing these is one lower Ku-band national beam transponder, also with 36 MHz bandwidth and 48 dBW EIRP, for wider continental coverage.[20][1] The antenna subsystem supports these transponders through deployable reflectors: a 2.0 m shaped reflector for the C-band national beam to achieve uniform coverage, and a 1.2 m multiple spot beam reflector for the Ku-band to precisely direct signals to regional targets.[21][2] These configurations ensure efficient beam shaping and minimal interference, optimizing the satellite's role in educational telecommunications.

Specifications

Mass and dimensions

GSAT-3 had a launch mass of 1,950.5 kg and a dry mass of 819 kg.[1][4] The satellite carried approximately 1,131 kg of propellant, consisting of MON-3 oxidizer and MMH fuel, primarily for orbit raising maneuvers using its 440 N liquid apogee motor.[1] In its stowed configuration, the overall dimensions measured 2.54 m × 1.525 m.[1] Upon deployment in orbit, the solar arrays spanned approximately 10.9 m to generate the required power.[22]

Power and propulsion

The power subsystem of GSAT-3, built on ISRO's I-2K satellite bus, relies on four solar panels, each measuring 2.54 m by 1.525 m, to generate 2,040 W of electrical power at the end of life (EOL).[1] These panels, equipped with high-efficiency multi-junction solar cells, provide the primary energy source for the satellite's operations throughout its designed 7-year mission life, during which gradual degradation in panel efficiency is expected due to radiation exposure and thermal cycling.[2] For periods of eclipse when solar input is unavailable, the system incorporates two 24 Ah nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) batteries to ensure uninterrupted power supply to critical subsystems.[1] Power is distributed via a regulated 28 V DC bus, which supplies the payload transponders, attitude control systems, and other onboard electronics, maintaining stable voltage levels to support reliable performance.[23] The propulsion subsystem employs a bipropellant configuration using MON-3 as the oxidizer and monomethylhydrazine (MMH) as the fuel.[1] At its core is a 440 N liquid apogee motor (LAM) mounted on the anti-earth velocity (AEV) face, primarily utilized for orbit raising from the initial geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO) to the final geostationary orbit (GEO).[21] For fine orbit adjustments, station-keeping, and three-axis attitude stabilization, the satellite features eight 22 N thrusters and eight 10 N reaction control thrusters, integrated with momentum wheels, magnetic torquers, and sensors to maintain precise pointing accuracy.[1]

Launch

Vehicle and site

GSAT-3 was deployed using the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark I (GSLV Mk.I) in its F01 configuration, a multi-stage expendable launch system developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). This vehicle featured four liquid-propellant strap-on boosters attached to a solid-propellant core first stage, a liquid-propellant second stage powered by the Vikas engine, and a cryogenic upper stage sourced from Russia.[24][25] The GSLV Mk.I stood approximately 49 meters tall with a lift-off mass of 414 tonnes and was capable of delivering up to 2,000 kg of payload to geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO).[25][26] For the GSAT-3 mission, the 1,950 kg satellite was accommodated within these parameters, marking the first operational flight of the GSLV series and advancing India's capability for independent heavy-lift launches.[3] The launch occurred from the First Launch Pad (FLP) at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, located in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, India, approximately 80 km north of Chennai on the Bay of Bengal coast.[3] Pre-launch preparations included the satellite's assembly and testing at ISRO's facilities in Bengaluru before transportation to SDSC SHAR for integration with the GSLV Mk.I vehicle, encompassing payload fairing enclosure, fueling, and system checks to ensure compatibility and mission readiness.[3][1]

Sequence

The GSLV Mk.I F01, carrying the GSAT-3 satellite, lifted off from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre on 20 September 2004 at 10:31:00 UTC (16:01 IST).[3] The launch vehicle, configured with a solid-propellant first stage core augmented by four liquid strap-on boosters, followed a nominal ascent profile into a geosynchronous transfer orbit.[27] The flight sequence commenced with ignition of the strap-on boosters 4.8 seconds prior to liftoff, followed immediately by the first stage core ignition at T+0. The first stage core burned out at T+104 seconds, while the strap-on boosters continued until T+150 seconds, after which the second stage ignited at the same instant to maintain acceleration. The payload fairing was jettisoned at T+227 seconds when the vehicle reached an altitude of approximately 115 km. The second stage burned for about 138 seconds, shutting down at T+288 seconds.[27] The cryogenic third stage ignited shortly thereafter at T+304 seconds, providing the upper stage velocity increment over a burn duration of roughly 695 seconds. The third stage shut down at T+999 seconds, achieving a velocity of 10.2 km/s. GSAT-3 separated from the launch vehicle at T+1,014 seconds, approximately 5,000 km downrange from the launch site, and was injected into a geosynchronous transfer orbit with a perigee altitude of 180 km, apogee of 35,985 km, inclination of 19.2 degrees, and orbital period of 10.5 hours.[27] Post-separation, ground stations conducted initial health checks on the satellite, confirming nominal performance of its systems prior to the start of orbital maneuvers.[27]

Deployment and operations

Orbital maneuvers

Following separation from the GSLV-F01 launch vehicle on September 20, 2004, GSAT-3 (EDUSAT) was injected into a geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO) with a perigee altitude of 181 km, an apogee altitude of 36,000 km, and an orbital inclination of 19.3°.[28] The satellite then performed three apogee-raising maneuvers using its onboard 440 N liquid apogee motor (LAM), fueled by monomethylhydrazine (MMH) and mixed oxides of nitrogen (MON-3), to circularize the orbit and reach geostationary orbit (GEO) at 74° East longitude.[1][2] The first apogee-raising burn was executed on September 21, 2004, firing the LAM for 2,996 seconds and raising the perigee to 8,800 km while maintaining the apogee at 36,000 km and reducing the inclination to 7.15°.[28] Subsequent burns, conducted in stages over the following days, progressively raised the perigee further, reduced the inclination, and enabled drift to the operational longitude to achieve the final circular GEO.[2] The propulsion system referenced here is the I-2K satellite bus's bipropellant setup, detailed in the specifications section.[1] Soon after injection into GTO, the satellite's two solar arrays were automatically deployed, with telemetry confirming normal deployment and overall satellite health.[16] The east and west reflectors, part of the multi-beam antenna system, were also deployed during the transfer phase to prepare for operational configuration.[21] Initial yaw maneuvers, supported by reaction control thrusters and momentum wheels, established three-axis stabilization for the GEO insertion.[1] The final orbit was a circular GEO at an altitude of 35,786 km with an inclination of less than 0.1°, enabling co-location with INSAT-3C and KALPANA-1 at 74° East.[1][2]

Mission phases

Following its launch on 20 September 2004, GSAT-3 underwent a commissioning phase that included orbit-raising operations using its onboard Liquid Apogee Motor and comprehensive payload activation tests to verify transponder functionality and subsystem performance. The satellite was successfully positioned in geostationary orbit at 74° East longitude and entered operational service on 24 September 2004.[3] During nominal operations, GSAT-3 maintained its geostationary position through daily station-keeping maneuvers executed with 22 N bipropellant thrusters, alongside eclipse season power management starting in 2005 to ensure stable attitude control and orbit stability. The satellite operated in co-location with INSAT-3C and METSAT-1 (also known as Kalpana-1) at 74° East, facilitating coordinated orbital slot usage without interference.[1][2]

Applications

Educational services

GSAT-3, operating as EDUSAT, facilitated connectivity for virtual classrooms across approximately 56,000 schools and colleges in India through VSAT networks, enabling interactive distance education primarily in underserved rural regions.[29] This infrastructure supported the delivery of live educational content from central hubs to remote receive-only terminals (ROTs) and satellite interactive terminals (SITs), allowing real-time teacher-student interactions without reliance on terrestrial infrastructure.[1] The satellite's educational services were bolstered by partnerships with the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), its Central Institute of Educational Technology (CIET), and various state education departments, which coordinated curriculum broadcasting and program development.[30] These collaborations enabled the transmission of standardized educational materials aligned with national syllabi, focusing on subjects like science, mathematics, and vocational training to bridge urban-rural disparities.[31] Interactive sessions were enabled via five Ku-band spot beams targeting regional hubs, including those in Delhi (northern), Kolkata (eastern), and Chennai (southern), alongside coverage for northeastern and western areas, supporting two-way audio-video communication.[32] Complementing this, dedicated training programs for teachers utilized the satellite's tools, such as teleconferencing modules, to build capacity in handling multimedia content and interactive teaching methods, thereby enhancing pedagogical skills in remote institutions.[33] EDUSAT's services significantly improved access to quality education and contributed to higher engagement in distance learning initiatives across the country.[34]

VICTERS channel

VICTERS, an acronym for Versatile ICT Enabled Resource for Students, represents Kerala's pioneering educational television initiative utilizing the GSAT-3 (EDUSAT) satellite. Inaugurated on 28 July 2005 by then-President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam in Thiruvananthapuram, with formal channel launch on 3 August 2006, it leverages the satellite's communication payloads to deliver targeted educational content to rural and remote schools across the state.[35][36] This network marked India's first dedicated broadband setup on EDUSAT for school-level education, emphasizing virtual classrooms with two-way interactivity to bridge urban-rural divides.[36] The channel broadcasts a range of programs tailored for students in grades 1 through 12, alongside teacher training modules and cultural programming, all aligned with the state curriculum to supplement classroom learning. Uplink operations originate from the dedicated studio and transmission facility in Poojapura, Thiruvananthapuram, with statewide reception enabled through the satellite's extended C-band transponders for reliable coverage in underserved areas.[36] Notable offerings include interactive quizzes like Haritha Vidyalayam for environmental awareness, hands-on science experiments demonstrating practical concepts, and language lessons via engaging storytelling in series such as E3. These programs foster conceptual understanding and skill development, with early emphasis on real-time interaction via satellite-linked terminals in schools.[36][35] By 2010, VICTERS had significantly expanded its reach, incorporating live internet streaming while maintaining satellite delivery, and became deeply integrated into Kerala's school curricula through initiatives like First Bell digital classes. The platform served over 5 million students and 200,000 teachers, contributing to widespread adoption in daily educational routines and enhancing access to quality resources during the GSAT-3 operational phase. Following GSAT-3's decommissioning in the mid-2010s, VICTERS continued operations using subsequent satellites such as GSAT-18.[36][37][36]

End of mission

Decommissioning

GSAT-3, also known as EDUSAT, was officially decommissioned on 30 September 2010 after approximately six years of operation, primarily due to on-board power constraints that limited its transponder capacity and led to a premature end of its designed seven-year lifespan.[38] These power issues necessitated the gradual shifting of its 30 educational networks to INSAT-4CR starting in September 2008, with the remaining networks idled following deactivation.[38] As part of the end-of-life procedures, the satellite was maneuvered using its remaining propellant to a supersynchronous graveyard orbit above the geostationary belt.[39] To maintain continuity in educational services, traffic from GSAT-3 was migrated to a combination of existing and subsequent ISRO satellites, including INSAT-4CR, GSAT-12, GSAT-18, INSAT-3A, and INSAT-3C, which supported ongoing tele-education and related applications.[38][40] This transition highlighted planning gaps in dedicated educational satellite replacements, with future missions like GSAT-14 proposed in the 12th Five-Year Plan to address such needs.[38] The decommissioning process adhered to international orbital debris mitigation guidelines, such as those from the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC), by elevating the satellite to a supersynchronous disposal orbit to minimize collision risks in the geostationary region.

Legacy

GSAT-3, also known as EDUSAT, pioneered satellite-based education in India as the nation's first dedicated communications satellite for the educational sector, enabling interactive distance learning across remote and underserved regions. Launched in 2004, it provided multi-channel video and audio transmission capabilities, connecting thousands of schools, colleges, and community centers, and established a model for leveraging space technology to bridge educational disparities. It connected approximately 56,000 schools and colleges across 26 states and 3 union territories, benefiting around 15 million students annually by December 2012. This initiative influenced subsequent ISRO missions by demonstrating the viability of geostationary satellites for targeted societal applications, including later communication satellites that expanded educational and developmental outreach.[1][2][40] The mission's educational outcomes significantly enhanced literacy and access in remote areas, with studies indicating substantial improvements in student engagement and infrastructure utilization. For instance, research revealed significant increases in student attendance and learning gains, alongside positive shifts in attitudes toward interactive learning among participants in EDUSAT-enabled classrooms. These impacts were particularly notable in states like Haryana and Gujarat, where thousands of primary and secondary schools were linked, fostering uniform teaching standards and greater involvement in educational programs.[41][13] Technologically, GSAT-3 validated the I-2K satellite bus platform, a 2,000 kg-class geostationary system developed by ISRO, which provided reliable power, propulsion, and payload accommodation for its 12 transponders. This successful deployment confirmed the bus's robustness for extended missions, serving as a foundational design for future GSAT series satellites, including GSAT-4, GSAT-6, and GSAT-10, thereby advancing India's indigenous satellite manufacturing capabilities.[2][1] Following the exhaustion of its operational life in 2010 due to power degradation, GSAT-3 was decommissioned and raised to a graveyard orbit above the geostationary belt in accordance with international space debris mitigation guidelines. It continues to be tracked by global space surveillance networks under NORAD catalog number 28417, ensuring safe disposal without posing risks to active satellites.[4][39]

References

  1. EDUSAT - ISRO
  2. GSat 3 (EduSat) - Gunter's Space Page
  3. GSLV-F01 / EDUSAT(GSAT-3) - ISRO
  4. Satellite Details - Edusat (GSat 3) - SatBeams
  5. https://www.isro.gov.in/update/20-sep-2004-india-s-exclusive-education-satellite-edusat-successfully-launched
  6. Space Applications - ISRO
  7. [PDF] DEPARTMENT OF SPACE DEMAND NO.89 Department of Space
  8. Government Degree College Tral Pulwama, Kashmir
  9. EDUSAT: A case-study in Spacecraft Mission Management
  10. Communication - URSC
  11. Address At The Inauguration Of The Conference On Edusat ...
  12. [PDF] Satellite-based Distance Education in India - OHIO Open Library
  13. [PDF] A Satellite EDUSAT: Changing the State of Education in India
  14. Enhancement of primary education using EDUSAT: Rajiv Gandhi ...
  15. EDUSAT to enhance knowledge base of students of north-eastern ...
  16. [PDF] SPACE india - ISRO
  17. ISRO: I-2K (I-2000) Bus - Gunter's Space Page
  18. [PDF] GSLV D1/G-Sat 1 Mission Spacecraft mass: 1540 kg April 18, 2001
  19. [PDF] publication(26).pdf - ISRO
  20. HYLAS (Highly Adaptable Satellite) - eoPortal
  21. https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/ResourcesPdf/SpaceIndia/publication(10
  22. [PDF] India in Space
  23. INTERNATIONAL HANDBOOK OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY
  24. Orbit Determination System Performance of Gsat Missions
  25. Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark II - ISRO
  26. [PDF] GSLV-F01 - ISRO
  27. GSLV Mk.1(1) - Gunter's Space Page
  28. GSLV-F01 Launch Successful - Places EDUSAT in Orbit - SpaceNews
  29. EDUSAT First Orbit Raising Operation Carried Out - SpaceRef
  30. Information Technology
  31. Satellite Network | Central Institute of Educational Technology
  32. [PDF] Use of Educational Satellite in Teacher Education
  33. A case study of Rajiv Gandhi project for EduSat-supported ...
  34. Pioneering Satellite-Based Education: Lessons from India and Beyond
  35. (PDF) EDUSAT-Its impact on Indian Society - ResearchGate
  36. Address at the Launching of Edusat Transmission in Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram | President of India
  37. About Victers - KITE (Kerala
  38. Kerala's KITE Victers set to launch a second channel - Times of India
  39. [PDF] Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India for the year ...
  40. [PDF] Diverse Space Applications - ISRO
  41. http://pcf4.dec.uwi.edu/viewpaper.php?id=357
User Avatar
No comments yet.