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Godin Tepe
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Godin Tepe
Godin Tepe (Persian: گودینتپه) is an archaeological site in the Luristan region of western Iran, located in the valley of Kangavar in Kermanshah province. It lies on the left bank of the Gamas Āb river. The importance of the site may have been due to its role as a trading outpost in the early Mesopotamian trade networks. The site was occupied from the Late Chalolithic period through the end of the 2nd millennium BC when it was destroyed in an earthquake and abandoned. The site was again settled in the 1st millennium BC Iron Age with the construction of sizable buildings.
The earliest evidence for occupation at Godin comes from Periods XI through VII, spanning the Early and Middle Chalcolithic. The site was already inhabited as early as c. 5200 BC.
Because Godin has such a deep stratigraphy, it was decided that a related site of Seh Gabi nearby should also be studied. Seh Gabi is located 6 km northeast of Godin Tepe in the Kangavar valley. The deeper levels were easier to reach there.
Originally, the excavations at Godin concentrated on levels II (ended c. 500 BC?) to VI.I (c. 3200 BC–3000 BC), but the transition from the Neolithic to Chalcolithic was studied primarily at Seh Gabi.
The earliest pottery found was of the painted pottery traditions, including J ware (Godin pre-XI) related to Halaf culture pottery. The impressed Dalma ware (Dalma Tepe) (Godin XI/X) is very similar to the pottery traditions from the highlands north of Godin, especially from the area of Lake Urmia. Nadali Beig (Nad Ali Beig) is another prehistoric site located to the northwest of Godin in this Kangavar area. It also features Dalma pottery.
Level VIII is dated c. 4200–4000 BC, contemporary with Terminal Ubaid period. During the Late Chalcolithic 1 period (LC 1), some substantial trading networks emerged in the area for trade in metals, and in precious or semi-precious stones,
"During the time of Godin VIII, the LC 1, a real increase in the movement of these goods is evident across the region. For example, lapis lazuli, a semi-precious blue stone known to occur naturally only in the Badakshan area of northeastern Afghanistan, began to appear in LC1 sites in significant amounts."
During the 1973 campaign, level VI.I (earlier called Level V) was excavated through a deep cut from the citadel. It was occupied during the period 3200–3000 BC. At the end of level VI.I there was a clear gap in the settlement sequence. There were signs of fire, such as room 22 whose roof was burned. The houses were in general well-preserved and contained many artifacts, but objects made of the precious metal were lacking. Just prior to that, in the final phases of Level VI a large architectural feature dubbed the "Oval Enclosure", encompassing an area of 560 square meters, was uncovered, burnt and destroyed c. 3000 BC. A massive number of sling bullets were found in the destruction debris, associated with a macehead and metal spear. Arsenical bronze objects were also found. Eight radiocarbon samples (IntCal04 calibration curve) from Level VI give dates ranging from 3490 BC to 3050 BC. Recently a researcher has re-interpreted the original excavation records in an attempt to reframe the Level VI.I occupation, contending that the "oval enclosure" did not exist and positing a more proto-Elamite influence versus the standard Uruk Expansion view.
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Godin Tepe
Godin Tepe (Persian: گودینتپه) is an archaeological site in the Luristan region of western Iran, located in the valley of Kangavar in Kermanshah province. It lies on the left bank of the Gamas Āb river. The importance of the site may have been due to its role as a trading outpost in the early Mesopotamian trade networks. The site was occupied from the Late Chalolithic period through the end of the 2nd millennium BC when it was destroyed in an earthquake and abandoned. The site was again settled in the 1st millennium BC Iron Age with the construction of sizable buildings.
The earliest evidence for occupation at Godin comes from Periods XI through VII, spanning the Early and Middle Chalcolithic. The site was already inhabited as early as c. 5200 BC.
Because Godin has such a deep stratigraphy, it was decided that a related site of Seh Gabi nearby should also be studied. Seh Gabi is located 6 km northeast of Godin Tepe in the Kangavar valley. The deeper levels were easier to reach there.
Originally, the excavations at Godin concentrated on levels II (ended c. 500 BC?) to VI.I (c. 3200 BC–3000 BC), but the transition from the Neolithic to Chalcolithic was studied primarily at Seh Gabi.
The earliest pottery found was of the painted pottery traditions, including J ware (Godin pre-XI) related to Halaf culture pottery. The impressed Dalma ware (Dalma Tepe) (Godin XI/X) is very similar to the pottery traditions from the highlands north of Godin, especially from the area of Lake Urmia. Nadali Beig (Nad Ali Beig) is another prehistoric site located to the northwest of Godin in this Kangavar area. It also features Dalma pottery.
Level VIII is dated c. 4200–4000 BC, contemporary with Terminal Ubaid period. During the Late Chalcolithic 1 period (LC 1), some substantial trading networks emerged in the area for trade in metals, and in precious or semi-precious stones,
"During the time of Godin VIII, the LC 1, a real increase in the movement of these goods is evident across the region. For example, lapis lazuli, a semi-precious blue stone known to occur naturally only in the Badakshan area of northeastern Afghanistan, began to appear in LC1 sites in significant amounts."
During the 1973 campaign, level VI.I (earlier called Level V) was excavated through a deep cut from the citadel. It was occupied during the period 3200–3000 BC. At the end of level VI.I there was a clear gap in the settlement sequence. There were signs of fire, such as room 22 whose roof was burned. The houses were in general well-preserved and contained many artifacts, but objects made of the precious metal were lacking. Just prior to that, in the final phases of Level VI a large architectural feature dubbed the "Oval Enclosure", encompassing an area of 560 square meters, was uncovered, burnt and destroyed c. 3000 BC. A massive number of sling bullets were found in the destruction debris, associated with a macehead and metal spear. Arsenical bronze objects were also found. Eight radiocarbon samples (IntCal04 calibration curve) from Level VI give dates ranging from 3490 BC to 3050 BC. Recently a researcher has re-interpreted the original excavation records in an attempt to reframe the Level VI.I occupation, contending that the "oval enclosure" did not exist and positing a more proto-Elamite influence versus the standard Uruk Expansion view.