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Gold(I) chloride
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Gold(I) chloride
Gold(I) chloride is a compound of gold and chlorine with the chemical formula AuCl. It is a metastable yellow solid that hydrolyses in warm water and decomposes to gold and chlorine gas at elevated temperatures. It has limited uses in organic chemistry as a Lewis acid.
Gold(I) chloride was first reported by Louis Jacques Thénard in 1814, who had carefully heated gold(III) chloride and isolated a yellow solid, claiming that it was the proto-muriate of gold. Joseph Proust disputed his claim, along with Thénard's other erroneous claims, such as of gold(I) oxide, later in the year. However, gold(I) chloride was found to be a distinct compound from gold(III) chloride, as the synthesis was repeated by others, such as Hans Peter Jørgen Julius Thomsen. The structure was elucidated in 1974 by X-ray diffraction.
A modern synthesis entails the decomposition of gold(III) chloride under a chlorine atmosphere at 247 °C:
Gold(III) chloride can also be heated in air at 185 °C to produce gold(I) chloride with careful temperature control.
The structure of gold(I) chloride, which crystallizes in the tetragonal crystal system, consists of zig-zag chains of gold and chlorine, similar to gold(I) bromide and gold(I) iodide. The Au-Cl bond length is 2.36 Å, and the chain bends at the Cl with a bond angle of 92°.
Gold(I) chloride decomposes to gold metal and chlorine gas at around 210 °C:
Although a region of stability exists at higher temperatures and appropriate chlorine vapour pressures (254 to 282 °C at PCl2 = 1 atm), the compound remains metastable at ambient conditions. In warm water, the compound dispropotionates to metallic gold and gold(III) chloride in an autoredox reaction:
At still higher temperatures, around 500 °C, all gold chlorides convert to gold even under a chlorine atmosphere. This conversion is key to the Miller process, which is widely used for the purification of gold.
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Gold(I) chloride
Gold(I) chloride is a compound of gold and chlorine with the chemical formula AuCl. It is a metastable yellow solid that hydrolyses in warm water and decomposes to gold and chlorine gas at elevated temperatures. It has limited uses in organic chemistry as a Lewis acid.
Gold(I) chloride was first reported by Louis Jacques Thénard in 1814, who had carefully heated gold(III) chloride and isolated a yellow solid, claiming that it was the proto-muriate of gold. Joseph Proust disputed his claim, along with Thénard's other erroneous claims, such as of gold(I) oxide, later in the year. However, gold(I) chloride was found to be a distinct compound from gold(III) chloride, as the synthesis was repeated by others, such as Hans Peter Jørgen Julius Thomsen. The structure was elucidated in 1974 by X-ray diffraction.
A modern synthesis entails the decomposition of gold(III) chloride under a chlorine atmosphere at 247 °C:
Gold(III) chloride can also be heated in air at 185 °C to produce gold(I) chloride with careful temperature control.
The structure of gold(I) chloride, which crystallizes in the tetragonal crystal system, consists of zig-zag chains of gold and chlorine, similar to gold(I) bromide and gold(I) iodide. The Au-Cl bond length is 2.36 Å, and the chain bends at the Cl with a bond angle of 92°.
Gold(I) chloride decomposes to gold metal and chlorine gas at around 210 °C:
Although a region of stability exists at higher temperatures and appropriate chlorine vapour pressures (254 to 282 °C at PCl2 = 1 atm), the compound remains metastable at ambient conditions. In warm water, the compound dispropotionates to metallic gold and gold(III) chloride in an autoredox reaction:
At still higher temperatures, around 500 °C, all gold chlorides convert to gold even under a chlorine atmosphere. This conversion is key to the Miller process, which is widely used for the purification of gold.
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