The Government of Prince Edward Island is the provincial government of the province of Prince Edward Island. Its powers and structure are set out in the Constitution Act, 1867.

In modern Canadian use, the term "government" referred broadly to the cabinet of the day (formally the Executive Council), chosen from the Legislative Assembly and the non-political staff within each provincial department or agency – that is, the civil service.

The Province of Prince Edward Island has a unicameral legislature, the General Assembly composed of the Lieutenant Governor and the Legislative Assembly, which operates in the framework of a Westminster-style parliamentary constitutional monarchy. The political party that wins the largest number of seats in its only chamber, the Legislative Assembly, normally forms the Government, and the party's leader becomes premier of the province, the head of government.

The functions of the Sovereign, Charles III, King of Canada and King in Right of Prince Edward Island, are exercised by the Lieutenant Governor. The Lieutenant Governor is appointed by the Governor General of Canada on the recommendation of the Prime Minister of Canada, in consultation with the Premier of Prince Edward Island.

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Frank MacKinnon's book "The Government of Prince Edward Island" (1951) provides an early view of public administration in the province. MacKinnon characterized the Government of Prince Edward Island as being located in a “small place” and an “unusual example of local democracy”. Throughout the 1990’s, the public service went through significant change with budget cuts and the introduction of new ways of thinking about governance and management.

Today, public administration in Prince Edward Island is thought to be affected by the relatively small size of both the civil service and province (both in terms of population and land area). The provincial civil service establishment consists of approximately 4,343 civil servants as of March 31, 2022 while the population of the province is approximately 170,000 (therefore, approximately 3% of residents of the province work for the provincial civil service).

Prince Edward Island being a small place provides benefits and challenges for public administration. It can be difficult for public administrators to remain objective and make difficult policy choices when there are close personal connections between civil servants, politicians and residents. However, expedited public engagement and problem identification is thought to be enhanced by the small context of Prince Edward Island’s public administration which allows for quickly identifying problems, leading to more opportunities for innovation and positive change. Public administrators have reported that there is a continued need for new tools for civil servants to promote innovation and change in the province. Overall, an enduring challenge for public administration and administrators in this province is the reality that services must be provided in the same manner and degree as larger provinces, but with a significantly lower budget and capacity to do so.