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Guru Hargobind
Guru Hargobind (Gurmukhi: ਗੁਰੂ ਹਰਿਗੋਬਿੰਦ, pronunciation: [gʊɾuː ɦəɾᵊgoːbɪn̯d̯ᵊ]l 19 June 1595 – 28 February 1644) was the sixth of ten Gurus of the Sikh religion. He became Guru at the age of eleven, after the execution of his father, Guru Arjan, by the Mughal emperor Jahangir.
He spent his early life with his father at Ramdaspur (Amritsar), while his tenure as guru involved him residing in Bhai Ki Daroli, Goindwal, Kartarpur (Jalandhar), Hargobindpur, Gwalior, Lahore, and Kiratpur, with travels to Agra, Nanakmatta, Kashmir, and Malwa (Punjab).
Guru Hargobind introduced the process of militarization to Sikhism, likely as a response to his father's execution and to protect the Sikh community. He symbolized it by wearing two swords, representing the dual concept of mīrī and pīrī (temporal power and spiritual authority). In front of the Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar, Hargobind constructed the Akal Takht (the throne of the timeless one). The Akal Takht represents the highest seat of earthly authority of the Khalsa (the collective body of the Sikhs) today.
Amongst his social views, Guru Hargobind considered women to be the consciousness of mankind, promoted the lifestyle of a householder, discouraged asceticism, and promoted marriage as a pathway to self-realization. Beginning in 1606 and ending upon his death in 1644, his guruship was the second longest of all the Sikh gurus, surpassed only by Guru Nanak, whose founding guruship lasted 40 years.
Guru Hargobind was born in Gurū kī Waḍālī, on 19th June of 1595, in a Sodhi Khatri family in a village 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) west of Amritsar, the only son of Guru Arjan, the fifth Sikh Guru. However, Pashaura Singh suggests that he was actually born 19 June 1590. He spent the first sixteen years of his life at Ramdaspur (Amritsar) in the presence of his father.
According to Sikh hagiographies, Guru Hargobind survived two poisoning attempts by his uncle Prithi Chand and his wife, Karmo, as well as another attempt on his life, when a cobra was thrown at him by Prithi Chand. The first poisoning attempt involved Karmo dispatching her personal nurse to pretend to be interested in looking after the child Hargobind. However, the nurse placed poison around her nipple which was to harm Hargobind as he suckled her but the young boy refused to latch onto her and thus the nurse's plan failed and she became ill to the poison herself. The second poisoning plan involved a snake-charmer being sent by Prithi Chand and his wife to assassinate the young Hargobind by releasing a snake onto him but the young boy is said to have grabbed the snake in his hand by its head and squeezed it until it died. A third attempt on his life was by a Brahmin directed again by Prithi Chand and his wife, the Brahmin planned to blend poison with curd and feed the child Hargobind with it but when he attempted to do so, Hargobind knocked the curd out of the Brahmin's grasp and it fell onto the floor, where a dog - named Pista; then ate some of it and died as a result revealing its dangerous contents. The Brahmin then died of abdominal afflictions. He suffered from and survived smallpox as a child. Hargobind grew up to be "tall and handsome youth".
On 4 November 1598, an eight-year-old Hargobind was a witness to emperor Akbar visiting the Sikh court of his father, which would have an impact on Hargobind's views. Hargobind received an education from Bhai Gurdas and Baba Buddha. Guru Hargobind studied religious texts with Bhai Gurdas and was trained in swordsmanship and archery by Baba Budda. He was also instructed on various languages, religious philosophy, astronomy, medicine, horse-riding, and administration. Hargobind spent a good deal of his early years engrossed in hymns being sung at the Harmandir Sahib complex in Amritsar.
Whilst 1595 is the commonly accepted birth year of the guru, some authors and sources, such as Kesar Singh Chhibar and the Bhat Vahis, record his year of birth as being 1590. According to Pashaura Singh, the Bhatt Vahi Multani Sindhi records the date of birth of Guru Hargobind as 19 June 1590 (asar 21 sambat 1647 in the Bikrami calendar). The sources that affirm the 1595 birth year are the Gurbilas Patshahi Chhevin (possibly 1718), Suraj Prakash (1844), and Naveen Panth Prakash (1880), while the Bansavilinama Dasan Patishahian Ka (1769), Rahitname Ate Ardas, and the Bhatt Bahi Multani Sindhi suggest 1590. Pashaura states that the later works copied Gurbilas Patshahi Chhevin's date of birth assertion. In his work, Pashaura Singh uses 1590 as the year of birth for Guru Hargobind.
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Guru Hargobind
Guru Hargobind (Gurmukhi: ਗੁਰੂ ਹਰਿਗੋਬਿੰਦ, pronunciation: [gʊɾuː ɦəɾᵊgoːbɪn̯d̯ᵊ]l 19 June 1595 – 28 February 1644) was the sixth of ten Gurus of the Sikh religion. He became Guru at the age of eleven, after the execution of his father, Guru Arjan, by the Mughal emperor Jahangir.
He spent his early life with his father at Ramdaspur (Amritsar), while his tenure as guru involved him residing in Bhai Ki Daroli, Goindwal, Kartarpur (Jalandhar), Hargobindpur, Gwalior, Lahore, and Kiratpur, with travels to Agra, Nanakmatta, Kashmir, and Malwa (Punjab).
Guru Hargobind introduced the process of militarization to Sikhism, likely as a response to his father's execution and to protect the Sikh community. He symbolized it by wearing two swords, representing the dual concept of mīrī and pīrī (temporal power and spiritual authority). In front of the Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar, Hargobind constructed the Akal Takht (the throne of the timeless one). The Akal Takht represents the highest seat of earthly authority of the Khalsa (the collective body of the Sikhs) today.
Amongst his social views, Guru Hargobind considered women to be the consciousness of mankind, promoted the lifestyle of a householder, discouraged asceticism, and promoted marriage as a pathway to self-realization. Beginning in 1606 and ending upon his death in 1644, his guruship was the second longest of all the Sikh gurus, surpassed only by Guru Nanak, whose founding guruship lasted 40 years.
Guru Hargobind was born in Gurū kī Waḍālī, on 19th June of 1595, in a Sodhi Khatri family in a village 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) west of Amritsar, the only son of Guru Arjan, the fifth Sikh Guru. However, Pashaura Singh suggests that he was actually born 19 June 1590. He spent the first sixteen years of his life at Ramdaspur (Amritsar) in the presence of his father.
According to Sikh hagiographies, Guru Hargobind survived two poisoning attempts by his uncle Prithi Chand and his wife, Karmo, as well as another attempt on his life, when a cobra was thrown at him by Prithi Chand. The first poisoning attempt involved Karmo dispatching her personal nurse to pretend to be interested in looking after the child Hargobind. However, the nurse placed poison around her nipple which was to harm Hargobind as he suckled her but the young boy refused to latch onto her and thus the nurse's plan failed and she became ill to the poison herself. The second poisoning plan involved a snake-charmer being sent by Prithi Chand and his wife to assassinate the young Hargobind by releasing a snake onto him but the young boy is said to have grabbed the snake in his hand by its head and squeezed it until it died. A third attempt on his life was by a Brahmin directed again by Prithi Chand and his wife, the Brahmin planned to blend poison with curd and feed the child Hargobind with it but when he attempted to do so, Hargobind knocked the curd out of the Brahmin's grasp and it fell onto the floor, where a dog - named Pista; then ate some of it and died as a result revealing its dangerous contents. The Brahmin then died of abdominal afflictions. He suffered from and survived smallpox as a child. Hargobind grew up to be "tall and handsome youth".
On 4 November 1598, an eight-year-old Hargobind was a witness to emperor Akbar visiting the Sikh court of his father, which would have an impact on Hargobind's views. Hargobind received an education from Bhai Gurdas and Baba Buddha. Guru Hargobind studied religious texts with Bhai Gurdas and was trained in swordsmanship and archery by Baba Budda. He was also instructed on various languages, religious philosophy, astronomy, medicine, horse-riding, and administration. Hargobind spent a good deal of his early years engrossed in hymns being sung at the Harmandir Sahib complex in Amritsar.
Whilst 1595 is the commonly accepted birth year of the guru, some authors and sources, such as Kesar Singh Chhibar and the Bhat Vahis, record his year of birth as being 1590. According to Pashaura Singh, the Bhatt Vahi Multani Sindhi records the date of birth of Guru Hargobind as 19 June 1590 (asar 21 sambat 1647 in the Bikrami calendar). The sources that affirm the 1595 birth year are the Gurbilas Patshahi Chhevin (possibly 1718), Suraj Prakash (1844), and Naveen Panth Prakash (1880), while the Bansavilinama Dasan Patishahian Ka (1769), Rahitname Ate Ardas, and the Bhatt Bahi Multani Sindhi suggest 1590. Pashaura states that the later works copied Gurbilas Patshahi Chhevin's date of birth assertion. In his work, Pashaura Singh uses 1590 as the year of birth for Guru Hargobind.