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Hāfu

Hāfu (ハーフ, "half") is a Japanese language term used to refer to a person born in Japan with half Asian and half non-Asian ancestry. The word can also be used to describe anyone with mixed-racial ancestry in general. As many consider Japan to be one of the most homogeneous societies on the planet, children who have one non-Asian parent are called hāfu Japanese and often face prejudice and discrimination from Japanese citizens of full Asian descent. Hāfu individuals are well represented in Japanese media and abroad, and according to estimates from Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare in the 2010s, 1 in 30 children born in Japan are born to interracial couples with one non-Asian parent.

As of 2023, 15,120 children (2.1%) were born in Japan to parents of whom one held foreign nationality.

Hāfu refers to a person who has one ethnic Japanese parent and one non-ethnic Japanese parent. The term ethnic Japanese refers to the Indigenous Japanese people of the Japanese archipelago. Over the course of centuries, the minority ethnic groups such as the Ainu and Ryukyuans were mostly assimilated into the Yamato population. Mixed race couples and thus hāfu people were rare in feudal Japan. There were mixed Asian couples between ethnic Japanese and other East and Southeast Asian peoples.

The most well-regarded theory is that present-day Yamato Japanese are descendants of both the Indigenous Jōmon people and the immigrant Yayoi people. The Yayoi were an admixture (1,000 BCE–300 CE) of migrants from East Asia, mostly China and the Korean peninsula.

Modern mainland Yamato Japanese have less than 20% Jomon people's genomes. In modern Japan, the term Yamato minzoku is seen as antiquated for connoting racial notions that have been discarded in many circles since Japan's surrender in World War II. The term "Japanese people" or even "Japanese-Japanese" are often used instead.

Genetic and anthropological studies indicate that the Ryukyuans are significantly related to the Ainu people and share the ancestry with the indigenous prehistoric Jōmon period (pre 10,000–1,000 BCE) people, who arrived from Southeast Asia and with the Yamato people. During the Meiji period, the Ryukyuans' distinct culture was suppressed by the Meiji government and faced forced assimilation.

English sailor William Adams, a navigator for the Dutch East India Company, settled in Japan in April 1600. He was ultimately granted the rank of samurai, one of the few non-Japanese to do so. He wed Oyuki (お雪), a Japanese woman and together, they had two children, Joseph and Susanna, who were hāfu.

Chinese military leader Chenggong Zheng, historically known as Koxinga (1624–1662), was hāfu, born in Japan to a Japanese mother and Chinese father and raised there until the age of seven, known by the Japanese given name, Fukumatsu.

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