Although emphasized by the country's ruling Baath Party and improving significantly in recent years, health in Syria has been declining due to the ongoing civil war. The war which has left 60% of the population food insecure and saw the collapse of the Syrian economy, the surging prices of basic needs, the plummeting of the Syrian pound, the destruction of many hospitals nationwide, the deterioration in the functionality of some medical equipment due to the lack of spare parts and maintenance, and shortages of drugs and medical supplies due to sanctions and corruption.

In 2020, Syria's population was an estimated 17,500,657 decreasing from the pre-war population of 21,326,541 in 2010.

In 2019, the average life expectancy at birth for Syrians was 72.7 years, 67.9 for males, and 78.1 for females, compared to the average life expectancy in 1960, which was roughly 52 years. The dependency ratio in 2020 was 54.5, while the median age was 24.3 in 2021.

Cardiovascular diseases accounted for the most deaths and disabilities in pre-war Syria. Nevertheless, conflict and terrorism were the number one cause of death and disability in 2017. Syria managed to reduce the percentage of DALYs lost to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases from around 40% of all DALYs lost in 1990 to roughly 17% in 2010. This percentage was further lowered to around 7% in 2017, but that was mainly because of the increase of DALYs lost to the country's civil war.

In 2019, the Infant mortality rate in Syria was at 17.9, which is higher than the pre-war number, but less than the world's average of 28.2. While the under-5 mortality rate was at 21.5 deaths also lower than the global average of 37.7. In 2009, low birth weight newborns accounted for 10% of all births.

Since most births before the war were attended by skilled health workers (96.2%), the Maternal Mortality Ratio was as low as 26 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 2009 when the world's average was 257. During the war, more pregnant women did not receive proper maternal care because of safety, accessibility and economic reasons. The numbers increased dramatically after the war reaching 31 maternal deaths in 2017.

In 2017, the adult prevalence rate for obesity was 27.8, and in 2009 10% of children under 5 were obese. In 2016, Syria ranked 35th in the list of countries by body mass index, according to the World Health Organization data on Prevalence of Obesity, published in 2017.

In 2015, 95.7% of the population had access to sanitation and 90.1% of the population had access to clean water. Although water pollution poses a threat to the availability of clean water and sanitation, as analyses of water samples for ammonia, suspended solids and BOD in Aleppo's Quweiq River and the lower part of the Orontes exceeded the allowable limits. In the coastal region, wells used for drinking purposes are contaminated with high concentrations of nitrates and ammonia because of sewage discharge and use of fertilizers, as well as seawater intrusion into the fresh groundwater aquifers.