Homotopy lifting property

In mathematics, in particular in homotopy theory within algebraic topology, the homotopy lifting property (also known as an instance of the right lifting property or the covering homotopy axiom) is a technical condition on a continuous function from a topological space E to another one, B. It is designed to support the picture of E "above" B by allowing a homotopy taking place in B to be moved "upstairs" to E.

For example, a covering map has a property of unique local lifting of paths to a given sheet; the uniqueness is because the fibers of a covering map are discrete spaces. The homotopy lifting property will hold in many situations, such as the projection in a vector bundle, fiber bundle or fibration, where there need be no unique way of lifting.

Assume all maps are continuous functions between topological spaces. Given a map ${\displaystyle \pi \colon E\to B}$, and a space ${\displaystyle Y\,}$, one says that ${\displaystyle (Y,\pi )}$ has the homotopy lifting property,^[1][2] or that ${\displaystyle \pi \,}$ has the homotopy lifting property with respect to ${\displaystyle Y}$, if:

• for any homotopy ${\displaystyle f_{\bullet }\colon Y\times I\to B}$, and
• for any map ${\displaystyle {\tilde {f}}_{0}\colon Y\to E}$ lifting ${\displaystyle f_{0}=f_{\bullet }|_{Y\times \{0\}}}$ (i.e., so that ${\displaystyle f_{\bullet }\circ \iota _{0}=f_{0}=\pi \circ {\tilde {f}}_{0}}$),

there exists a homotopy ${\displaystyle {\tilde {f}}_{\bullet }\colon Y\times I\to E}$ lifting ${\displaystyle f_{\bullet }}$ (i.e., so that ${\displaystyle f_{\bullet }=\pi \circ {\tilde {f}}_{\bullet }}$) which also satisfies ${\displaystyle {\tilde {f}}_{0}=\left.{\tilde {f}}\right|_{Y\times \{0\}}}$.

The following diagram depicts this situation:

The outer square (without the dotted arrow) commutes if and only if the hypotheses of the lifting property are true. A lifting ${\displaystyle {\tilde {f}}_{\bullet }}$ corresponds to a dotted arrow making the diagram commute. This diagram is dual to that of the homotopy extension property; this duality is loosely referred to as Eckmann–Hilton duality.

If the map ${\displaystyle \pi }$ satisfies the homotopy lifting property with respect to all spaces ${\displaystyle Y}$, then ${\displaystyle \pi }$ is called a fibration, or one sometimes simply says that ${\displaystyle \pi }$ has the homotopy lifting property.

A weaker notion of fibration is Serre fibration, for which homotopy lifting is only required for all CW complexes ${\displaystyle Y}$.

There is a common generalization of the homotopy lifting property and the homotopy extension property. Given a pair of spaces ${\displaystyle X\supseteq Y}$, for simplicity we denote ${\displaystyle T\mathrel {:=} (X\times \{0\})\cup (Y\times [0,1])\subseteq X\times [0,1]}$. Given additionally a map ${\displaystyle \pi \colon E\to B}$, one says that ${\displaystyle (X,Y,\pi )}$ has the homotopy lifting extension property if:

• For any homotopy ${\displaystyle f\colon X\times [0,1]\to B}$, and
• For any lifting ${\displaystyle {\tilde {g}}\colon T\to E}$ of ${\displaystyle g=f|_{T}}$, there exists a homotopy ${\displaystyle {\tilde {f}}\colon X\times [0,1]\to E}$ which covers ${\displaystyle f}$ (i.e., such that ${\displaystyle \pi {\tilde {f}}=f}$) and extends ${\displaystyle {\tilde {g}}}$ (i.e., such that ${\displaystyle \left.{\tilde {f}}\right|_{T}={\tilde {g}}}$).

The homotopy lifting property of ${\displaystyle (X,\pi )}$ is obtained by taking ${\displaystyle Y=\emptyset }$, so that ${\displaystyle T}$ above is simply ${\displaystyle X\times \{0\}}$.

The homotopy extension property of ${\displaystyle (X,Y)}$ is obtained by taking ${\displaystyle \pi }$ to be a constant map, so that ${\displaystyle \pi }$ is irrelevant in that every map to E is trivially the lift of a constant map to the image point of ${\displaystyle \pi }$.

• Covering space
• Fibration

• Steenrod, Norman (1951). The Topology of Fibre Bundles. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00548-6. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
• Hu, Sze-Tsen (1959). Homotopy Theory (Third Printing, 1965 ed.). New York: Academic Press Inc. ISBN 0-12-358450-7. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
• Husemoller, Dale (1994). Fibre Bundles (Third ed.). New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-94087-8.
• Hatcher, Allen (2002), Algebraic Topology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-79540-0.
• Jean-Pierre Marquis (2006) "A path to Epistemology of Mathematics: Homotopy theory", pages 239 to 260 in The Architecture of Modern Mathematics, J. Ferreiros & J.J. Gray, editors, Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19-856793-6

• A.V. Chernavskii (2001) [1994], "Covering homotopy", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press
• homotopy lifting property at the nLab