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Ibn al-Khatib
Lisan ad-Din Ibn al-Khatib (Arabic: لسان الدين ابن الخطيب; 16 November 1313 – 1374) was an Arab Andalusi polymath, poet, writer, historian, philosopher, physician and politician from Emirate of Granada. Being one of the most notable poets from Granada, his poems decorate the walls of the palace of Alhambra. He is known for composing the muwashshaḥāt "Jadaka al-Ghaithu" and possibly "Lamma Bada Yatathanna."
Ibn Al-Khatib is highly esteemed both as a historian and as a poet. He was a contemporary and acquaintance of Ibn Khaldun.
His most significant historical work, The Complete Source on the History of Granada (الإحاطة في أخبار غرناطة), written in 1369 AD, which includes his autobiography, has yet to be translated into English.
Ibn al-Khatib was born at Loja, Granada. Shortly after his birth, his father was appointed to a high post at the court of Emir Ismail I in Granada. After his father and older brother were killed in the Battle of Río Salado in 1340, Ibn al-Khatib was hired to work as a secretary for his former teacher Ibn al-Jayyab, vizier to Emir Yusuf I. Following Ibn al-Jayyab's early death from the plague, Ibn al-Khatib became vizier and head of the emiri chancery, serving also in diplomatic roles in the courts of Andalusi and Maghrebi rulers.
For much of his life he was vizier at the court of the Sultan of Granada, Muhammed V. He spent two periods in exile in the Marinid empire (between 1360 and 1362 and 1371–74). He resided variously at Ceuta, Tlemcen and Fes). In 1374, he was imprisoned for zandaqa ("heresy") and was sentenced to death by suffocation. Earlier and modern historians have speculated that his many private and political feuds with the Emirs of Granada belonging to the Nasrid dynasty were probably the main factors in his treatment and execution. His body was burned before being buried at Bab Mahruq, a city gate in Fes.
His poetry was influenced by court poets from the Mashriq, or Islamic east, especially Abū Nuwās, Abū Tammām, and al-Mutanabbī. Ibn al-Khatib was a master of saj' (سجع, rhymed prose), especially in his maqamāt.
In his treatise about the plague (Muqni'at al-Sā'il 'an al-Maraḍ al-Hā'il, c. 753/1362), Ibn al-Khatib explores the idea of transmission of disease through contagion centuries before Louis Pasteur conducted his experiments in Europe. The original Arabic text is preserved in the Zaydani Library at El Escorial, MS Arabic 1785. Of the estimated deaths due to the outbreak of bubonic plague, known as the "Black Death", which swept through al-Andalus in the 14th century, the numbers range to as high as a third of the Muslim population worldwide.
In his treatise On the Plague, Ibn al-Khatib writes:
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Ibn al-Khatib
Lisan ad-Din Ibn al-Khatib (Arabic: لسان الدين ابن الخطيب; 16 November 1313 – 1374) was an Arab Andalusi polymath, poet, writer, historian, philosopher, physician and politician from Emirate of Granada. Being one of the most notable poets from Granada, his poems decorate the walls of the palace of Alhambra. He is known for composing the muwashshaḥāt "Jadaka al-Ghaithu" and possibly "Lamma Bada Yatathanna."
Ibn Al-Khatib is highly esteemed both as a historian and as a poet. He was a contemporary and acquaintance of Ibn Khaldun.
His most significant historical work, The Complete Source on the History of Granada (الإحاطة في أخبار غرناطة), written in 1369 AD, which includes his autobiography, has yet to be translated into English.
Ibn al-Khatib was born at Loja, Granada. Shortly after his birth, his father was appointed to a high post at the court of Emir Ismail I in Granada. After his father and older brother were killed in the Battle of Río Salado in 1340, Ibn al-Khatib was hired to work as a secretary for his former teacher Ibn al-Jayyab, vizier to Emir Yusuf I. Following Ibn al-Jayyab's early death from the plague, Ibn al-Khatib became vizier and head of the emiri chancery, serving also in diplomatic roles in the courts of Andalusi and Maghrebi rulers.
For much of his life he was vizier at the court of the Sultan of Granada, Muhammed V. He spent two periods in exile in the Marinid empire (between 1360 and 1362 and 1371–74). He resided variously at Ceuta, Tlemcen and Fes). In 1374, he was imprisoned for zandaqa ("heresy") and was sentenced to death by suffocation. Earlier and modern historians have speculated that his many private and political feuds with the Emirs of Granada belonging to the Nasrid dynasty were probably the main factors in his treatment and execution. His body was burned before being buried at Bab Mahruq, a city gate in Fes.
His poetry was influenced by court poets from the Mashriq, or Islamic east, especially Abū Nuwās, Abū Tammām, and al-Mutanabbī. Ibn al-Khatib was a master of saj' (سجع, rhymed prose), especially in his maqamāt.
In his treatise about the plague (Muqni'at al-Sā'il 'an al-Maraḍ al-Hā'il, c. 753/1362), Ibn al-Khatib explores the idea of transmission of disease through contagion centuries before Louis Pasteur conducted his experiments in Europe. The original Arabic text is preserved in the Zaydani Library at El Escorial, MS Arabic 1785. Of the estimated deaths due to the outbreak of bubonic plague, known as the "Black Death", which swept through al-Andalus in the 14th century, the numbers range to as high as a third of the Muslim population worldwide.
In his treatise On the Plague, Ibn al-Khatib writes:
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