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Indian Face
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Indian Face
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Indian Face is a 45-metre (148 ft) traditional climbing route on the rhyolite "Great Wall" of the East Buttress of Clogwyn Du'r Arddu, in Wales. When English climber Johnny Dawes completed the first free ascent of the route on 4 October 1986, it was graded E9 6c or (5.13a X), the first-ever E9-graded route, and was considered one of the hardest traditional-climbing routes in the world.[4][5]

Key Information

Indian Face is still considered one of the world's most intimidating traditional climbs, and even decades after its first ascent, it is rarely repeated.[6] The ascent was an historic moment in the transition from traditional climbing as the dominant form of extreme rock climbing (in Britain, and elsewhere), to the safer form of sport climbing, which became the focus for the leading climbers.

History

[edit]

Clogwyn Du'r Arddu has long been considered a "crucible" of British traditional climbing, with many of Britain's leading climbers creating notable routes on its buttresses. The most challenging section is the sheer and imposing slab of the "Great Wall" on the East Buttress.[5][7]

In 1980, enigmatic British climber and artist John Redhead[8]—who freed Britain's first-ever E7-graded route, The Bells The Bells (E7 6c)[9]—attempted to onsight a new route on the blanker right-hand side of "Great Wall". After several serious and nearly fatal falls, he abseiled down to drill a bolt at his high point of 80-feet; he called this route Tormented Ejaculation and left it ungraded.[10]

In 1983, British climber Jerry Moffatt chopped the bolt while abseiling; he then climbed past it but avoided the blanker groove to the left (what would later become Indian Face),[11] veering right to create Master's Wall,[b] which he graded E7 6b.[c][10] Moffatt found the climb terrifying,[12] later saying: "At that time to be respected, you really had to be putting up really scary new routes. That was where it was at, in Britain at least. Master's Wall is probably where I risked most."[15]

In 1984, Redhead repeated Master's Wall and told the authors of Welsh Rock (1986) that he felt Tormented Ejaculation was the crux of Master's Wall and "... the placement of the bolt was solely to protect moves leftwards into the finest unclimbed groove on the Great Wall [Indian Face] and NOT to go right [Master's Wall] which was merely an escape".[16] In 1984, Redhead freed Margins of the Mind (E8 6c),[17] further left of Master's Wall, which is considered the second-ever E8-grade in Britain after Dave Cuthbertson's 1983 ascent of Requiem in Scotland.[16][18]

On 4 October 1986, Johnny Dawes followed up the first half of Master's Wall, but before the (then removed) bolt of Tormented Ejaculation, he entered the lefthand groove to make the first free ascent of Indian Face, the first-ever E9-graded rock climb in Britain.[5] Dawes's ascent of Indian Face was considered to be the hardest and most dangerous traditional route in the world, and his feat was reported by the wider non-climbing media.[5] The 1989 guidebook described it as "a pitch of such appalling difficulty as to be almost beyond the realms of human comprehension".[4] In 2011, Dawes said: "As you set off it's best to consider yourself already dead. You just do it".[19]

Shortly after Dawes's ascent, a key flake of rock came loose while John Redhead was cleaning the route.[10] Redhead presented the flake to Dawes, who refused it, and Redhead painted a picture of dueling climbers on the scarred rock that the broken flake had left behind.[10] The event caused an uproar in British climbing; the painting was removed, and repairs were made to the rock face.[10] Redhead was openly critical of the "headpointing" techniques employed by Dawes, Moffat, and other ascensionists, notwithstanding criticisms of his own placement of a bolt at Clogwyn.[11]

Dawes's ascent, his rivalry with Redhead, and the repeats are the subject of documentaries, including E9 6c (1997),[20][21] Johnny Dawes and the Story of Indian Face (2006),[6][4][22] and Return to the Indian Face (2011).[23]

Legacy

[edit]

Indian Face retains an intimidating reputation amongst climbers.[6][4][24] In 2012, Climbing described it as "Indian Face, E9 6c, 150 feet of technical, 5.13a death".[25] The 2013 North Wales Climbs guidebook touts Indian Face as "the route of the 1980s", adding, "Seven repeats in the quarter of a century since it was first climbed and no onsight ascent, despite routes with bigger E-grades receiving more attention, tells you all you need to know."[1] In 2004, Nick Dixon said of his first repeat in 1994: "The upper wall is really hard, the gear now too far away, death real and looming, and it's too much to remember";[11] and Neil Gresham said of his second repeat, also in 1994: "For a split second of complete tranquility, I actually don't mind giving in. I resign myself to defeat and prepare for the unimaginable".[11] In 2020, Britain's strongest climber, Steve McClure, who climbed Rhapsody (E11), said: "Routes like Harder Faster, Indian Face, The Bells The Bells and Meshuga just fill me with dread, and I have absolutely no drive to do them at all."[26]

Indian Face marked the twilight of traditional climbing as the main focus for the best British climbers; many were moving to sport climbing, with pre-fixed bolts for climbing protection.[15] Jerry Moffatt and climbing partner Ben Moon would abandon traditional climbing and set major new worldwide grade milestones in sport climbing, becoming two of the world's strongest climbers of the late 1980s to early 1990s.[15] Dawes was unwilling to undertake the intensive plyometric training techniques (e.g. the campus board) that Moffatt and Moon adopted,[25] but he would still free further notable traditional climbs, such as Gaia (E8 6c), End of the Affair (E8 6c) and The Quarryman (E8 7a).[19] Climbers like Dave MacLeod would create even-harder traditional climbs, such as Rhapsody in 2006, the world's first E11,[27] but the focus on traditional climbing had passed to sport climbing.[19][24]

Ascents

[edit]

Indian Face has been ascended by:[6]

Filmography

[edit]
  • Short documentary on the rivalry between John Redhead and Johnny Dawes on the Indian Face: Dominic Clemence (director) (1997). E9 6c (Motion picture). BBC Productions. Retrieved 10 February 2023.[20][21]

Notes

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Indian Face

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Indian Face is a 45-metre (148 ft) traditional climbing route on the rhyolite "Great Wall" of the East Buttress of Clogwyn Du'r Arddu, in Snowdonia, Wales. Graded as E9 6c (British) or 5.13a X (YDS), it is renowned for its technical difficulty, bold nature, and sparse protection, making it one of the hardest traditional climbs in the world. The route was first free ascended by Johnny Dawes on 4 October 1986, establishing it as the first route at the E9 grade in the UK.

Location and Description

Geographical Context

The Indian Face route is located on the East Buttress of Clogwyn Du'r Arddu, commonly known as Cloggy, within Snowdonia National Park in north Wales, at coordinates 53.0792°N 4.0939°W. This crag forms part of the Snowdon massif, a prominent upland area characterized by steep ridges and glacial cirques, rising to elevations over 1,000 meters. Clogwyn Du'r Arddu consists primarily of rhyolite, a fine-grained igneous rock that offers a rough, crystalline surface ideal for friction-based climbing but prone to seepage due to the cliff's north-facing orientation. This aspect exposes the crag to cool, damp conditions from prevailing westerly winds and limited sunlight, often rendering it climbable only in prolonged dry spells. The Indian Face occupies a central position on the imposing Great Wall slab of the East Buttress, a sheer 300-meter-high face that dominates the crag's profile. Access to the area begins from , where climbers near the Path and follow the summit for approximately 3.5 kilometers, passing the Café, before down scree slopes to the base. At around 700 meters above , Cloggy gained renown in the 1980s as a hub for extreme in Britain, drawing pioneers to its committing lines amid the remote, landscape of Eryri ().

Route Characteristics

Indian Face is a single-pitch traditional climbing route measuring approximately 45 meters (150 feet) in length, situated on the expansive rhyolite face of the East Buttress at Clogwyn Du'r Arddu in Snowdonia, Wales. The route follows a sinuous line up a steep, technical slab characterized by sustained 6c difficulty, demanding precise footwork and body positioning on sparse, poor-quality holds such as small crimps, sidepulls, and smears. Its overall style emphasizes ground-up traditional leading, with illusory protection opportunities—typically limited to one or two widely spaced placements, often involving opposition or micro-wires in shallow seams, rendering falls highly consequential. The route's crux occurs midway, featuring a dynamic slap to a sloping hold that requires commitment and momentum to surmount an otherwise blank section, testing the climber's nerve amid the route's relentless pump and exposure. Rock quality varies along the line, with generally solid rhyolite marred by occasional loose flakes; notably, a key flake broke off shortly after the route's establishment when climber John Redhead dislodged it during cleaning, altering a critical hold and sparking controversy within the climbing community. Environmental factors add to the demands, as the north-facing aspect of Clogwyn Du'r Arddu makes the route prone to seepage after rain, particularly on lower sections, necessitating extended dry periods for safe conditions. These attributes, combined with the absence of fixed bolts, underscore Indian Face's reputation as a high-stakes test of technical proficiency and psychological resilience in British trad climbing.

History

Early Exploration

In the early 1980s, the line that would become Indian Face on Clogwyn Du'r Arddu (Cloggy) in Wales emerged as a focal point for British climbers amid a broader transition from aid-dependent ascents to unprotected free climbing on steep, committing terrain. This evolution reflected a new emphasis on strength, psychological resilience, and minimal gear, driven by a generation exploiting economic downtime to train rigorously and tackle bold lines at crags like Cloggy. Routes previously aided or deemed impossible began to yield to free efforts, with explorers probing the Great Wall's blank grooves for viable free lines. John Redhead initiated significant exploration in 1980, abseil-inspecting the prospective route and pushing ground-up attempts despite its intimidating blankness and sparse protection. He endured massive falls, including an 80-foot cartwheel after an RP1 placement ripped, and marked his high point with a bolt before lowering off a skyhook. Naming the lower section Tormented Ejaculation (E7), Redhead viewed it as a standalone pitch, though he made multiple subsequent probes in the early 1980s that fell short due to pump, fear, and insecure moves on minimal gear like stoppers and RPs. In 1983, Jerry Moffatt intervened by chopping Redhead's bolt during an abseil descent, arguing the upper headwall was too dangerous to justify fixed protection and opting instead to free the line rightward into Master's Wall (E7 6b). This bolt removal ignited heated debates on ethics in UK climbing, pitting traditionalists who favored natural protection against proponents of sport-style bolting, and underscored the era's tensions as free standards escalated.

First Free Ascent

Johnny Dawes, a prominent British climber known for his dynamic style honed through bouldering, undertook the first free ascent of Indian Face as a pivotal step in his transition toward establishing groundbreaking traditional routes. After four prior sessions working the route to refine his movements and assess its challenges, Dawes focused on mental preparation, employing visualization techniques to mentally rehearse the line, infusing it with anticipated fear and precise sequencing of holds. Physically, he drew from recent successes on high-grade routes like Master of Perception (E7) and Windows of Perception (7a), building the endurance and footwork essential for the slab's technical demands. On October 4, 1986, belayed by Sean Myles and Bob Drury, Dawes executed the solo free lead in a single push, committing to the 45-meter rhyolite slab with minimal gear for protection. The ascent, graded E9 6c, represented the culmination of his innovative approach, blending bouldering precision with bold trad ethics amid ongoing debates over bolt-chopping on Clogwyn Du'r Arddu. Dawes navigated the crux—a dynamic snatch to a sloping hold—with startling efficiency, describing the motion as akin to a car shifting unexpectedly into gear, underscoring the route's psychological intensity. In the immediate aftermath, while abseiling, a key flake at the crux dislodged and was removed by another climber, John Redhead, who then painted a artwork on the resulting scar—a act that Dawes publicly condemned, scrubbing it off and igniting controversy over the route's altered character and future repeatability. This incident heightened the ascent's notoriety, transforming Indian Face from a visionary line into a fragile benchmark that questioned the sustainability of extreme trad climbing. The success elevated Dawes' status, solidifying his role in pushing British grading boundaries and inspiring a generation to embrace risk in route climbing.

Technical Aspects

Detailed Route Breakdown

The Indian Face begins with an initial low-angle slab section that leads to a resting ledge, providing a brief respite before transitioning into the steeper, overhanging wall above. This opening segment involves careful foot placement on subtle smears to gain height efficiently, setting the tone for the route's technical demands. From the ledge, the climber enters the main wall via a feint groove featuring sidepulls and small crimps, progressing upward with precise, angle-specific footwork over approximately 10 meters to the top of an arch-like feature. Here, two marginal protection placements—typically tiny RP nuts in a groove or behind a flake—offer limited security, marking the primary gear points mid-route. The flow then builds into longer runouts of 35-40 feet, where the rope swings freely, emphasizing the exposure on the smooth rhyolite face. The crux sequence arrives around 20 meters up, requiring a dynamic snatch or dyno from undercuts and sidepulls to a sloping pinch or small pebble hold, followed by thin 6b moves relying on poor smears and nobbles. Key features include a final groove that eases the difficulty toward the top. A brief ledge two-thirds up allows for recovery before the committing upper section, where continued technical climbing on sidepulls leads to the belay on a wet grass ledge. Overall, the route's progression demands sustained focus, with the sparse protection amplifying the psychological intensity of the bold, continuous line.

Grading and Challenges

Indian Face is graded E9 6c in the British system, marking it as the first route to receive this designation upon its free ascent in 1986, reflecting a significant escalation in perceived difficulty and danger for traditional climbing at the time. This adjectival grade combines a technical rating of 6c—equivalent to sustained but not extreme moves—with an E9 level indicating extreme technical challenge compounded by severe risk factors. In international comparisons, it aligns with French 7c/X, where the "X" suffix denotes potentially fatal falls due to inadequate protection, and American 5.13a X, emphasizing the high-consequence nature of any mistakes on the route. The route's challenges stem primarily from its extreme runouts, reaching up to 30 meters in sections where protection is sparse or unreliable, such as small wires behind flaking holds or marginal placements that offer minimal security. Rock quality deteriorates after a notable flake break in the upper section, where brittle edges and creaky features increase the risk of hold failure, demanding precise placement and constant vigilance. Psychologically, the sparse gear creates a solo-style leading experience, amplifying mental strain through sustained exposure to the void and the need for unwavering focus to suppress fear during committing sequences. Physically, it requires exceptional finger strength for crimpy holds akin to 8b sport routes, along with dyno power for dynamic reaches and overall endurance to manage the 45-meter length without adequate rests. In the context of 1980s UK trad climbing, Indian Face surpassed contemporaries like Master's Wall (E8) in difficulty due to its unprecedented scarcity of protection, which elevated the psychological and commitment demands beyond what was typical for even the boldest E8 routes of the era. This ascent contributed to the evolution of grading in the British scene, establishing E9 as a benchmark for routes where technical prowess alone was insufficient without tolerance for life-threatening exposure, influencing subsequent assessments of high-end trad lines.

Notable Ascents

Initial Repeats

Following Johnny Dawes' first free ascent of Indian Face in 1986, the route saw no successful repeats for eight years, a significant gap attributed to its formidable reputation for sparse protection and high risk on the rhyolite wall of Clogwyn Du'r Arddu. This period of deterrence stemmed from the climb's bold nature, where gear placements were minimal and often unreliable, discouraging many top climbers despite its allure as a testpiece. The second ascent came in spring 1994 by Nick Dixon, who approached the route with careful preparation to mitigate its dangers. Dixon first rapped in to practice individual moves, then top-roped the full line twice to build familiarity, emphasizing the need for precise footwork on the technical slabs and overhangs. On lead, he placed around 12 pieces of gear, primarily small wires behind a precarious flake, which offered limited security and underscored the route's commitment. This ascent confirmed Indian Face's grade of E9 6c and its status as one of Britain's most audacious trad leads, reigniting interest after the long hiatus. Just days later, in 1994, Neil Gresham achieved the third ascent, marking the first back-to-back repeats and further validating the route's challenges. As a young sport climber with limited traditional experience, Gresham prepared intensively, top-roping the line five times while heeding Dixon's advice to avoid over-practice for mental flexibility. His training included daily six-mile tip-toe runs and 500 calf raises to enhance endurance for the sustained finger- and toe-torquing moves, paired with mental techniques like "Beginner's Mind" from sports psychology. Gresham placed only five runners— one adequate nut at 20 feet, a good nut at 40 feet, and two small RPs at 70 feet—many left in situ from a prior test lead, highlighting the route's poor natural protection that amplified hesitation, particularly at the rest ledge. These early repeats in 1994 established Indian Face as a benchmark for bold, ground-up climbing, with the climbers' methodical approaches demonstrating how preparation could overcome the interim years of intimidation.

Modern Repeats and Records

The fourth ascent of Indian Face occurred in June 2010, when Scottish climber Dave MacLeod successfully led the route after several practice sessions, employing a redpoint style that involved prior rehearsals on the line. MacLeod's effort marked a significant gap of 16 years since the previous repeat, highlighting the route's enduring difficulty and psychological demands. A notable surge in activity followed in July 2013, with three ascents in quick succession that represented the most concentrated repeats to date. James McHaffie achieved the fifth overall ascent after one practice session, belayed by George Ullrich, followed later that week by Calum Muskett's sixth ascent and Ullrich's seventh on the same day, all via worked leads that underscored the route's technical slab crux and sparse protection. This cluster temporarily accelerated the repeat rate but did not diminish the route's reputation for infrequency. Subsequent modern repeats remained sparse. Angus Kille made the eighth ascent in July 2018, working the line over multiple visits amid the route's bold nature and minimal gear placements. Morus Sanderson completed the ninth ascent on July 25, 2023, under damp conditions with no fall potential, further emphasizing the high-consequence ethics of the climb. No additional successful ascents have been recorded as of November 2025. Indian Face holds several distinctions among elite traditional routes. It has seen no onsight ascents, with every recorded lead requiring prior working due to its committing runouts and precise footwork demands. The overall repeat rate is exceptionally slow, averaging over five years between successful ascents since 1986, even accounting for the 2013 anomaly, which reflects its status as one of the world's most intimidating E9s. Additionally, all nine ascents to date have been by male climbers, revealing a persistent gender diversity gap and absence of female or youth completions in the route's history.

Cultural and Historical Impact

Influence on British Climbing

The first free ascent of Indian Face by Johnny Dawes in 1986 marked a pivotal reinforcement of traditional climbing ethics in 1980s Wales, emphasizing ground-up ascents without bolts amid growing tensions over sport climbing influences. The route had seen a bolt placed by John Redhead in the early 1980s, which Jerry Moffatt removed in 1983 while abseiling, highlighting the era's bolt-chopping controversies as climbers debated the purity of trad lines against emerging bolted routes. Dawes' ascent, achieved through practice including yo-yoing sections and leaving minimal gear, underscored the value of risk-managed exploration without artificial aids, bolstering the ground-up ethic that defined UK trad during a period of transition from aid-assisted attempts to free climbing standards. Indian Face's grading as E9 6c established it as a benchmark for extreme risk in British trad climbing, influencing subsequent high-grade routes like Face Mecca (E9) and The Walk of Life (initially proposed E12, now E9), and prompting a focus on mental preparation. As the world's first E9, it set a standard for committing lines where falls could be fatal, directly impacting the development of other extreme trad routes by highlighting the interplay of technical difficulty and psychological demands. This shift encouraged UK climbers to prioritize mental training techniques, such as visualization and fear management, to tackle similarly bold propositions. The route's legacy inspired a generation of bold trad climbers among Dawes' peers and successors, while also underscoring access challenges at Clogwyn Du'r Arddu due to its remoteness and inherent dangers. Figures like Nick Dixon, Neil Gresham, Dave MacLeod, James McHaffie, Angus Kille, and Morus Sanderson cited Indian Face as a motivational icon, pushing the boundaries of risk in UK climbing during the late 1980s and beyond. Subsequent repeats include Kille in 2018 (8th ascent) and Sanderson in 2023 (9th ascent). However, Cloggy's isolated position on Snowdon's northern flank, combined with frequent wet conditions, rockfall hazards, and strenuous approach hikes, limited broader participation and highlighted ongoing issues with crag accessibility and safety in extreme trad venues.

Representation in Media

The representation of Indian Face in media has primarily focused on its historical significance as Britain's first E9 route, emphasizing the extreme risk and technical demands involved in its ascents. Key documentaries have captured the route's legacy through interviews and footage of notable repeats. The 1997 short film E9 6c, directed by Dominic Clemence, features climbers John Redhead and Johnny Dawes discussing their involvement and rivalry on the route, portraying it as a pinnacle of 1980s and 1990s British trad climbing that tested both physical prowess and mental resolve. Similarly, the 2006 documentary Johnny Dawes and the Story of Indian Face, directed by Alun Hughes, details the route's first ascent by Dawes in 1986, incorporating perspectives from veterans like Joe Brown, Nick Dixon, and John Redhead to underscore its infamy for sparse protection and potential for fatal falls. A 2019 video release by Hot Aches Productions documents Dave MacLeod's 2010 repeat, highlighting the route's sustained 6c difficulties and death-potential runouts, which had seen only two prior repeats at that time. Beyond films, Indian Face features prominently in written accounts, such as Johnny Dawes' 2011 autobiography Full of Myself, where he recounts his ascent as a high-stakes improvisation blending genius and peril, framing it as a defining statement in British rock climbing history. Online videos from the 2010s, including clips on Climbing.com and UKClimbing.com, have shared ascent footage and analyses, extending the route's visibility to digital audiences through platforms that emphasize its technical smearing and psychological intensity. In recent years, podcasts have revisited Indian Face to explore its enduring danger. The 2023 episode of The Nugget Climbing Podcast featuring Johnny Dawes delves into the route's first ascent, describing it as potentially the world's most hazardous climb at the time due to its gear-dependent cruxes and exposure, while reflecting on the mental compulsion driving such endeavors. Additional digital coverage includes a 2023 YouTube video of Morus Sanderson's ascent in wet conditions. Culturally, media portrayals position Indian Face as an emblem of British trad climbing's gritty, commitment-heavy ethos—contrasting with the bolted security of American sport climbing—symbolizing a shift as top climbers transitioned toward safer, pre-protected formats in the late 1980s. However, as of 2025, modern digital coverage remains somewhat limited, with no documented virtual reality simulations or prominent social media onsight attempts, preserving the route's aura through traditional narratives and occasional videos rather than immersive or viral formats.

References

  1. https://climbing-history.org/climb/601/indian-face
  2. https://www.mountainproject.com/area/106256023/clogwyn-dur-arddu
  3. https://www.ukclimbing.com/logbook/crags/clogwyn_dur_arddu_cloggy-457/
  4. https://www.planetmountain.com/en/crags/clogwyn-du-r-arddu-cloggy.html
  5. https://rockfax.com/wp-content/uploads/intros/north-wales-climbs-preview.pdf
  6. https://www.ukclimbing.com/logbook/crags/clogwyn_dur_arddu_cloggy-457/indian_face-2171
  7. https://www.ukclimbing.com/articles/features/nick_dixon_-_indian_face_the_first_repeat-5756
  8. https://www.ukclimbing.com/articles/features/facing_the_indian_by_johnny_dawes-5754
  9. https://www.ukclimbing.com/news/2013/07/ullrich_and_muskett_climb_the_indian_face-68213
  10. https://www.ukclimbing.com/articles/features/andy_pollitt%2Bjohn_redhead_-_who_shot_jr-9925
  11. https://rockfax.com/wp-content/uploads/intros/north-wales-climbs-intro.pdf
  12. https://www.ukclimbing.com/articles/features/playing_the_system-3020
  13. https://www.ukclimbing.com/articles/features/andy_pollitt+john_redhead_-_who_shot_jr-9925
  14. https://climbing-history.org/climb/1089/the-tormented-ejaculation
  15. https://www.climbing.de/news/gresham-on-indian-face-further-comments-36442.html
  16. https://www.planetmountain.com/en/news/interviews/johnny-dawes-the-rock-climbing-interview.html
  17. https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2011/dec/22/archive-johnny-dawes-indian-face-1986
  18. http://davemacleod.blogspot.com/2010/06/indian-face.html
  19. https://www.ukclimbing.com/articles/features/return_to_indian_face_by_james_mchaffie-5736
  20. https://www.ukclimbing.com/articles/series/indian_face/facing_the_indian_by_johnny_dawes-5754
  21. https://www.ukclimbing.com/articles/series/indian_face/
  22. https://eveningsends.com/the-day-i-sent-indian-face-2/
  23. https://www.ukclimbing.com/articles/features/house_of_cards_by_neil_gresham-5758
  24. https://www.ukclimbing.com/articles/series/indian_face/house_of_cards_by_neil_gresham-5758
  25. https://www.ukclimbing.com/news/2010/06/dave_macleod_repeats_indian_face-56039
  26. https://www.ukclimbing.com/news/2013/07/indian_face_e9_for_james_mchaffie-68205
  27. https://www.ukclimbing.com/news/2018/07/indian_face_e9_6c_by_angus_kille-71634
  28. https://www.ukclimbing.com/news/2023/08/morus_sanderson_climbs_indian_face_e9_6c-73423
  29. https://www.planetmountain.com/en/news/climbing/the-indian-face-johnny-dawes-story-of-britains-first-e9.html
  30. https://www.climbing.com/news/the-full-johnny-dawes-interview/
  31. https://gripped.com/profiles/the-story-of-britains-first-e9-by-johnny-dawes/
  32. https://rockaroundtheworld.co.uk/2018/07/15/cloggy/
  33. https://www.ukhillwalking.com/forums/rock_talk/accident_blackspots_for_climbers-731958
  34. https://www.planetmountain.com/en/news/climbing/e9-6c-the-video-of-john-redhead-and-johnny-dawes.html
  35. https://www.climbing.com/videos/johnny-dawes-and-the-story-of-indian-face-the-uks-first-e9-climb/
  36. https://www.ukclimbing.com/news/2019/03/dave_macleod_climbing_the_indian_face_e9_6c-71905
  37. https://www.ukclimbing.com/gear/publications/other_publications/johnny_dawes_-_full_of_myself-4205
  38. https://thenuggetclimbing.com/episodes/johnny-dawes
  39. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VIN6MQL0Iys
  40. https://www.planetmountain.com/en/news/climbing/james-mchaffie-repeats-the-indian-face-at-cloggy.html
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