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Ivanoe Bonomi
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Ivanoe Bonomi
Ivanoe Bonomi (Italian pronunciation: [iˈvaːnoe boˈnɔːmi]; 18 October 1873 – 20 April 1951) was an Italian politician and journalist who served as Prime Minister of Italy from 1921 to 1922 and again from 1944 to 1945.
Ivanoe Bonomi was born in Mantua, Italy, in a bourgeois family. He studied natural sciences at the University of Bologna and graduated in 1896. After working for two years as a high school teacher he also completed a law degree in the same university.
In 1893, influenced by the burgeoning cooperative movement, the spread of Marxist propaganda in the Mantuan countryside, and meetings with socialist leaders like Filippo Turati, Leonida Bissolati, and Anna Kuliscioff, he joined the Italian Socialist Party (at the time called Italian Socialist Workers' Party). In August 1894 he attended the Socialist congress for the Lombardy region, which was held in semi-clandestine fashion due to the repressive measures taken by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi. In November he was sentenced to 75 days of internal exile for his political activities.
From the beginning he held reformist views and advocated for revisionist positions, including an alliance between the proletariat and the petite bourgeoisie in defense of democratic institutions. In 1896 he proposed that the Party should endorse liberal, bourgeois candidates in run-off elections, and claimed that the main task of the working class was the transformation of Italy into a modern bourgeois democracy before socialism could be established. In spite of early calls for full land collectivization eventually he moved towards more moderate solutions, like the voluntary creation of cooperatives, in agriculture as well. He was critical of the decision to call the general strike of September 1904, but nonetheless collaborated with revolutionary syndicalists for the duration of the strike.
Internationally he supported other reformists like Eduard Bernstein, Alexandre Millerand, and Jean Jaurès.
In 1907 he was elected to the city council of Rome and was a member of the city government for one year. In the 1909 general elections he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in the constituency of Mantua. During this time he was a strong advocate of support for Giovanni Giolitti, a liberal reformer, since he felt that this would allow Socialists to influence and contribute to progressive developments like the proposed introduction of universal suffrage. His positions, however, continued to remain a minority within the Socialist Party even if at this time the main leader was Turati, himself a reformist. In 1911 Bonomi dissented again with the party line by writing articles expressing lukewarm support for the invasion of Libya. In March 1912 he, along with other members of the right wing of the Socialist Party, took the unprecedented move of meeting King Victor Emmanuel III to express their relief for the failure of an anarchist assassination attempt. This finally prompted his expulsion at the party congress held that year, where the more radical faction gained majority control.
Those who had been expelled founded the Italian Reformist Socialist Party (PSRI), which won 3.92% of the vote and 19 seats in the 1913 elections.
The PSRI supported Italy's entry into World War I and gave vital support to the nationalist government led by Antonio Salandra. When Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary in May 1915, Bonomi volunteered in the Army and was sent to the front as a sub-lieutenant in the 7th Alpini Regiment, taking part in the fighting. In June 1916 he was appointed Minister of Public Works in the Boselli cabinet and held this position for twelve months, until his resignation due to disagreements on domestic policy. He would hold the same Ministry a second time in the Orlando cabinet from January to June 1919. In the war's aftermath he was Minister of War (March 1920 – April 1921) and then briefly Minister of the Treasury under Prime Ministers Francesco Saverio Nitti and Giolitti.
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Ivanoe Bonomi
Ivanoe Bonomi (Italian pronunciation: [iˈvaːnoe boˈnɔːmi]; 18 October 1873 – 20 April 1951) was an Italian politician and journalist who served as Prime Minister of Italy from 1921 to 1922 and again from 1944 to 1945.
Ivanoe Bonomi was born in Mantua, Italy, in a bourgeois family. He studied natural sciences at the University of Bologna and graduated in 1896. After working for two years as a high school teacher he also completed a law degree in the same university.
In 1893, influenced by the burgeoning cooperative movement, the spread of Marxist propaganda in the Mantuan countryside, and meetings with socialist leaders like Filippo Turati, Leonida Bissolati, and Anna Kuliscioff, he joined the Italian Socialist Party (at the time called Italian Socialist Workers' Party). In August 1894 he attended the Socialist congress for the Lombardy region, which was held in semi-clandestine fashion due to the repressive measures taken by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi. In November he was sentenced to 75 days of internal exile for his political activities.
From the beginning he held reformist views and advocated for revisionist positions, including an alliance between the proletariat and the petite bourgeoisie in defense of democratic institutions. In 1896 he proposed that the Party should endorse liberal, bourgeois candidates in run-off elections, and claimed that the main task of the working class was the transformation of Italy into a modern bourgeois democracy before socialism could be established. In spite of early calls for full land collectivization eventually he moved towards more moderate solutions, like the voluntary creation of cooperatives, in agriculture as well. He was critical of the decision to call the general strike of September 1904, but nonetheless collaborated with revolutionary syndicalists for the duration of the strike.
Internationally he supported other reformists like Eduard Bernstein, Alexandre Millerand, and Jean Jaurès.
In 1907 he was elected to the city council of Rome and was a member of the city government for one year. In the 1909 general elections he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in the constituency of Mantua. During this time he was a strong advocate of support for Giovanni Giolitti, a liberal reformer, since he felt that this would allow Socialists to influence and contribute to progressive developments like the proposed introduction of universal suffrage. His positions, however, continued to remain a minority within the Socialist Party even if at this time the main leader was Turati, himself a reformist. In 1911 Bonomi dissented again with the party line by writing articles expressing lukewarm support for the invasion of Libya. In March 1912 he, along with other members of the right wing of the Socialist Party, took the unprecedented move of meeting King Victor Emmanuel III to express their relief for the failure of an anarchist assassination attempt. This finally prompted his expulsion at the party congress held that year, where the more radical faction gained majority control.
Those who had been expelled founded the Italian Reformist Socialist Party (PSRI), which won 3.92% of the vote and 19 seats in the 1913 elections.
The PSRI supported Italy's entry into World War I and gave vital support to the nationalist government led by Antonio Salandra. When Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary in May 1915, Bonomi volunteered in the Army and was sent to the front as a sub-lieutenant in the 7th Alpini Regiment, taking part in the fighting. In June 1916 he was appointed Minister of Public Works in the Boselli cabinet and held this position for twelve months, until his resignation due to disagreements on domestic policy. He would hold the same Ministry a second time in the Orlando cabinet from January to June 1919. In the war's aftermath he was Minister of War (March 1920 – April 1921) and then briefly Minister of the Treasury under Prime Ministers Francesco Saverio Nitti and Giolitti.
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