Johanna Budwig was born in Essen, Germany. Her early life and education laid the foundation for her future scientific pursuits, eventually leading her to specialize in chemistry, physics, botany, and pharmacology.

Budwig obtained her doctorate in chemistry and physics. She embarked on research focusing on the properties and effects of fats and oils, a field that would define her career. During this period, mainstream science began to understand the roles of different types of fats in human health, although the specific roles of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids were still developing.