Kampot (Khmer: ក្រុងកំពត) is a city in southern Cambodia and the capital of Kampot province. It is situated on the Praek Tuek Chhu River, southeast of the Elephant Mountains, and around five kilometres (three miles) from the Gulf of Thailand. Kampot was the capital of the Circonscription Résidentielle de Kampot under French rule and Cambodia's most important seaport after the loss of the Mekong Delta and before the establishment of Sihanoukville. Its center is, unlike most Cambodian provincial capitals, composed of 19th-century French colonial architecture. The region and town are known for high-quality pepper, which is exported worldwide. It is also known for its fish sauce, sea salt, and durian. The government and the Ministry of Culture and Fine Art have been preparing documents to nominate the Old Town of Kampot for admission to the UNESCO World Heritage Site list (along with the Old Town of Battambang and the Old Town of Kratie), since 2017.

The first description of Kampot in the Cambodian Royal Chronicles refers to an event that took place from 1771 to 1775. In 1771, King Taksin of Siam attacked Hà Tiên and destroyed it completely before marching on the Cambodian capital of Oudong.

In an effort to overthrow the Khmer king Outey II, who was allied with the Vietnamese Mac Thien Tu, based in Ha-Tien, the young Khmer prince and future king Ang Non II gathered with Siamese soldiers in Kampot, which he used as a base for his hostilities until obtaining the throne in 1775.

In 1841, Oknha-Mau, a Cambodian governor, refused the Vietnamese yoke that had gradually been imposed on Kampot. Supported by Siam, he gathered a military contingent of about 3,000 Cambodians. The Vietnamese fled to Ha-Tien.

Upon his rise to the throne in 1840, Khmer king Ang Duong constructed a road from his capital of Oudong to Kampot and opened Kampot as the only international seaport of Cambodia. Imports and exports grew quickly in the hands of the Anglo-Chinese merchants of Singapore, turning a neighborhood of the city into "Chinese Kampot". French missionary Father Hestret founded the first Catholic Church in the city at that time and received the visit of French explorer Henri Mouhot.

Cambodia became a protectorate of France in 1863. King Norodom appointed a Vietnamese as chief of the canton and let him control the village and all Vietnamese people in the province. After this period, Kampot began to decline. The main reason was the opening of Saigon Port, and the exploitation of navigation along the Mekong River by the French.

Resentment grew among the population. An insurrection began on 17 March 1885 at noon, when a band of fifty men sacked the opium entrepôt held by the French. Another band of fifty attacked the telegraph office. The customhouse at the entrance of the river became a fort of insurgents. At the beginning of April, a French aviso, Le Sagittaire, and two junks, appeared at the Kampot anchorage. Tensions escalated as violence broke out throughout the province, with a complex play of alliances and betrayals as well as interference from Chinese pirates. On 8 May 1886, a column of 100 soldiers under Lieutenant de Vaubert departed Kampot. Resident Santenoy also marched with thirty militiamen. After an hour's battle, a Cambodian militiaman of the resident succeeded in penetrating the insurgents' fort, leading to its destruction by French troops and the end of the insurrection.

At the close of 1886, an interview between Norodom and the insurgents was held at Thnol Bek Kus, halfway between Phnom Penh and Kampot, and peace was accomplished.