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Labour Charter of 1927
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Labour Charter of 1927
The Charter of Labour of 1927 (Italian: Carta del Lavoro) was one of the main pieces of legislation enacted by the Fascist Italy in the attempts to modernise the economy. The Charter was promulgated by Grand Council of Fascism and publicized in the Lavoro d'Italia newspaper on 23 April 1927. It was mainly designed by Alfredo Rocco, the Minister of Justice.
Benito Mussolini, the founder of fascism, called for the "direct representation of interests" already in the inaugural speech of the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento. There were two proposals on implementing a corporatist model in Fascist Italy: Giuseppe Bottai wanted to replace the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate with the corporations, while the more moderate proposals sought to transform the parliament, and more specifically the Senate, in line with the corporatist policies. In the futurist manifesto of 1918, Filippo Tommaso Marinetti supported the "transformation of parliament through the equitable participation of industrialists, farmers, engineers and businessmen in the government of the country". Alfredo Rocco wanted the integration of the organized interests of various professions and functional groups into the state through the elimination of the parliament in favour of these professional representative bodies. However, the "legal" ascent to power by fascists, the monarchy which served as an heir to the liberal era and the inter-institutional tensions complicated and limited the scope of the reform.
The goal of the charter was to establish a corporatist state. It had 30 articles, the first nine of which provided for the ideological framework, the institutional structure and social ethics.
Collective contracts (established by article 4) were negotiated following the issuing of the Charter of Labour, but with the effect of a decrease in wages. Collective contracts were able to ensure long term employment and large scale welfare including paid vacations and numerous other benefits workers hadn't previously enjoyed. Not until during the Great Depression did the state subsidize welfare; until then employers were made to pay for all benefits. The Charter declared private enterprise to be the most efficient mode of production.
Article 1:
"The Italian Nation is an organism having ends, life, and means of action superior to those of individuals, singly or in groups, of which it is composed. It is a moral, political, and economic unity, realized wholly in the Fascist State."
Article 2:
"Work, in all its intellectual, technical, and manual forms, is a social obligation. To this end, and only to this end, it is safeguarded by the State. The totality of production is unitary from the national point of view; its objectives are unitary and comprise the well-being of the producers and the development of national strength."
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Labour Charter of 1927
The Charter of Labour of 1927 (Italian: Carta del Lavoro) was one of the main pieces of legislation enacted by the Fascist Italy in the attempts to modernise the economy. The Charter was promulgated by Grand Council of Fascism and publicized in the Lavoro d'Italia newspaper on 23 April 1927. It was mainly designed by Alfredo Rocco, the Minister of Justice.
Benito Mussolini, the founder of fascism, called for the "direct representation of interests" already in the inaugural speech of the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento. There were two proposals on implementing a corporatist model in Fascist Italy: Giuseppe Bottai wanted to replace the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate with the corporations, while the more moderate proposals sought to transform the parliament, and more specifically the Senate, in line with the corporatist policies. In the futurist manifesto of 1918, Filippo Tommaso Marinetti supported the "transformation of parliament through the equitable participation of industrialists, farmers, engineers and businessmen in the government of the country". Alfredo Rocco wanted the integration of the organized interests of various professions and functional groups into the state through the elimination of the parliament in favour of these professional representative bodies. However, the "legal" ascent to power by fascists, the monarchy which served as an heir to the liberal era and the inter-institutional tensions complicated and limited the scope of the reform.
The goal of the charter was to establish a corporatist state. It had 30 articles, the first nine of which provided for the ideological framework, the institutional structure and social ethics.
Collective contracts (established by article 4) were negotiated following the issuing of the Charter of Labour, but with the effect of a decrease in wages. Collective contracts were able to ensure long term employment and large scale welfare including paid vacations and numerous other benefits workers hadn't previously enjoyed. Not until during the Great Depression did the state subsidize welfare; until then employers were made to pay for all benefits. The Charter declared private enterprise to be the most efficient mode of production.
Article 1:
"The Italian Nation is an organism having ends, life, and means of action superior to those of individuals, singly or in groups, of which it is composed. It is a moral, political, and economic unity, realized wholly in the Fascist State."
Article 2:
"Work, in all its intellectual, technical, and manual forms, is a social obligation. To this end, and only to this end, it is safeguarded by the State. The totality of production is unitary from the national point of view; its objectives are unitary and comprise the well-being of the producers and the development of national strength."