Lady Cai (Eastern Han)

Lady Cai (蔡夫人; fl.190-208) was a Chinese noble woman member of the Cai family of Nan Commandery during the Eastern Han. She was the later wife of Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing province, and a sister to Cai Mao, a prominent general in Liu Biao's service. Sources differ on whether she was Cai Mao's elder or younger sister.

She is best known for her unwavering commitment to favoring Liu Cong over Liu Qi in the competition for the governorship of Jing Province; This event ultimately paved the way for the succession of Liu Bei as the governor of Jing, the warlord who went on to establish the state of Shu Han, one of the three prominent states that emerged during the Three Kingdoms period (220-280 AD).

Lady Cai came from the elite Cai family in Xiangyang, Nan Commandery, the capital of Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan). Her father was Cai Feng (蔡諷). His aunt (Cai Feng's sister) married Zhang Wen, who served as the Grand Commandant (太尉) during the reign of Emperor Ling. Lady Cai had a sister who married Huang Chengyan, and a brother, Cai Mao. It's worth noting that Lady Cai's niece, Huang Yueying, was married to Zhuge Liang, a famous strategist who later become chancellor of Shu Han state. Lady Cai also had two other notable relatives: Cai Zan (蔡瓚), courtesy name Maogui (茂珪), who served as the Chancellor of Mei (郿相); and Cai Yan (蔡琰), courtesy name Wengui (文珪), who served as the Administrator of Ba Commandery (巴郡太守). The Cai family would later be robbed and massacred by bandits during the Yongjia era (307–313) of the reign of Emperor Huai of the Jin dynasty (266–420).

During the conflict between Cao Cao and Yuan Shao at the Battle of Guandu, Han Song, an advisor to Liu Biao, was sent as an envoy to Xuchang under Liu Biao's orders. However, upon seeing Cao Cao's overwhelming power, Han Song advised Liu Biao to send a hostage to the imperial court, which enraged Liu Biao. Consequently, he ordered Han Song's execution. Lady Cai, recognizing Han Song's loyalty and integrity, spoke in his favor, stating, "Han Song is a beacon of hope for Chu, and his words are honest. There is no reason to execute him." This led Liu Biao to change his decision and instead imprison Han Song.

Lady Cai did not bear any children for Liu Biao. However, due to her niece's marriage to Liu Biao's son, Liu Cong, Lady Cai displayed a clear favoritism towards Liu Cong over Liu Biao's other son, Liu Qi. The Cai family faction, including members Cai Mao and Zhang Yun (張允), wielded significant influence within Liu Biao's administration. Their growing power led to mounting pressure on Liu Biao to designate Liu Cong as the heir to the governorship of Jing Province.

Lady Cai often spoke highly of Liu Cong while criticizing Liu Qi. Liu Qi willingly assumed the role of Administrator of Jiangxia, located about 250 km southeast of Jing Province's capital in Xiangyang. Sources differ on whether Liu Qi sought this position to escape family conflicts or was compelled to leave by the Cai family faction.

In 208, Liu Biao's severe illness prompted a visit from his son, Liu Qi, who had returned from Jiangxia Commandery. Concerned that Liu Biao might change his succession plans after meeting Liu Qi, Lady Cai, Cai Mao, and Liu Biao's maternal nephew, Zhang Yun, prevented Liu Qi from seeing his father.

Following the passing of Liu Biao, Liu Cong took up the role of Governor of Jing Province. Lady Cai's endeavors led to Liu Cong's appointment, but his rule in Jing Province was brief. Subsequent to Liu Biao's demise, several subordinates, including Liu Bei and his followers, chose to switch sides and joined Liu Qi in Xiakou. There, they formed an alliance with Sun Quan. Liu Qi perceived Liu Cong and the Cai family as potential rivals and considered launching an attack, but this prospect was thwarted by the arrival of Cao Cao's army.