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Liu Bei

Liu Bei (Chinese: 劉備, pronunciation; Mandarin pronunciation: [ljǒʊ pêɪ]; 161 – 10 June 223), courtesy name Xuande (玄德), was a Chinese warlord in the late Eastern Han dynasty who later became the founding emperor of Shu Han, one of the Three Kingdoms of China.

Despite early failings and lacking both the material resources and social status other warlords of his time commanded, he gathered support among Han loyalists who opposed Cao Cao, the warlord who controlled the Han central government and the figurehead Emperor Xian, and led a popular movement to restore the Han dynasty. Liu Bei overcame a number of setbacks to carve out his own realm, which at its peak spanned present-day Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Hunan, and parts of Hubei, Yunnan, and Gansu.

Bolstered by the cultural influence of the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms and its portrayal of Liu Bei as an exemplar of virtuous Confucian rule, Liu Bei is widely revered in China and other East Asian societies as an ideal benevolent and humane ruler who cared for his people and selected capable advisers for his government. Historically, Liu Bei, like many Han rulers, was greatly influenced by Laozi.[citation needed] He was a brilliant politician and leader whose skill was a remarkable demonstration[opinion] of "Confucian in appearance but Legalist in substance".[additional citation(s) needed]

The historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms described Liu Bei as a man seven chi and five cun tall (approximately 1.74 metres), with long arms that "extended beyond his knees" and ears so large that "he could see them". According to the Chronicles of Huayang, Liu Bei has been called "Big Ears" (大耳) by both Lü Bu and Cao Cao. Furthermore, an anecdote shared with Zhang Yu mentions that Liu Bei in his fifties was noted to be beardless.

According to the third-century historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms, Liu Bei was born in Zhuo County, Zhuo Commandery (present-day Zhuozhou, Hebei). He was a descendant of Liu Sheng, who was the ninth son of Emperor Jing and the first King of Zhongshan in Han dynasty. However, Pei Songzhi's fifth-century commentary, based on the Dianlüe (典略), said that Liu Bei was a descendant of the Marquis of Linyi (臨邑侯). The title "Marquis of Linyi" was held by:

Thus, it was possible that Liu Bei descended from either of those two patrilineal lines rather than Liu Sheng's line.

Liu Bei's grandfather Liu Xiong (劉雄) and father Liu Hong (劉弘) both served in provincial and commandery offices. Liu Bei's grandfather, Liu Xiong was recommended as a candidate for civil office in the xiaolian process. Then, he rose to become prefect of Fan (范) in Dong Commandery.

Liu Bei's father, Liu Hong, didn't live long, so Liu Bei grew up poor. To support themselves, he and his mother sold shoes and woven straw mats. Despite this, Liu Bei was full of ambition from childhood. In the southeast of his house, there was a mulberry tree that was very tall (11,5 meters high). When looked from far away, the tree's shade was similar to a small cart therefore people from all around the village felt that this tree was unique with some saying that the house would produce a person of nobility. A fortune teller named Li Ding (李定) of Zhuo stated: "This family will certainly produce an estimable man." When he was a kid, Liu Bei would play beneath the tree with other children from the village. He would often say: "I must ride in this feather covered chariot (emperor chariot)." Liu Bei's uncle Zijing (子敬) thought of Liu Bei's dream as foolish and that he would bring destruction to his house.

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Chinese warlord and founding Emperor of Shu Han (161–223)
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