Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci was born out of wedlock to Piero da Vinci, a notary, and Caterina, a peasant woman, in Anchiano, near Vinci, Tuscany. Growing up outside of conventional societal norms allowed Leonardo a freedom in his education and exploration that might not have been afforded otherwise, shaping his independent and inquisitive spirit.

Around the age of 14, Leonardo was apprenticed to Andrea del Verrocchio, a leading Florentine artist. In Verrocchio's workshop, Leonardo mastered various skills, including painting, sculpting, and technical drawing. He collaborated on works like 'The Baptism of Christ', where Leonardo is believed to have painted one of the angels, showcasing his early artistic talent.

Leonardo moved to Milan, seeking patronage from Ludovico Sforza, the Duke of Milan. He presented himself not only as an artist but also as a military engineer and inventor. During his time in Milan, Leonardo worked on numerous projects, including designing fortifications, stage sets, and the monumental equestrian statue of Francesco Sforza (which was never completed). He also began painting 'The Last Supper' at Santa Maria delle Grazie, a masterpiece that demonstrates his innovative techniques with perspective and composition.

After a period of travel and work in various Italian cities, Leonardo returned to Florence. Here, he began working on 'The Mona Lisa', perhaps his most famous painting. The enigmatic smile and innovative sfumato technique, which creates a soft, hazy effect, contribute to the painting's enduring appeal. He also undertook studies for 'The Battle of Anghiari', a large fresco for the Palazzo Vecchio (which also remained unfinished).

At the invitation of King Francis I, Leonardo moved to France, residing at the Château de Clos Lucé near Amboise. Though he painted little during this period, he continued his scientific studies and worked on engineering projects for the king. He was given the title 'Premier Painter, Engineer, and Architect to the King'. Leonardo died on May 2, 1519, at Clos Lucé, leaving behind a vast collection of notebooks filled with sketches, observations, and ideas that reveal the depth and breadth of his genius.