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Levada Center
The Levada Center is a Russian independent, nongovernmental polling and sociological research organization. It is named after its founder, the first Russian professor of sociology Yuri Levada (1930–2006). The center traces back its history to 1987 when the All-Union Public Opinion Research Center (VTsIOM) was founded under the leadership of academician Tatyana Zaslavskaya. As one of Russia's largest research companies,[citation needed] the Levada Center regularly conducts its own and commissioned polling and marketing research. In 2016, it was labelled a foreign agent under the 2012 Russian foreign agent law.
The Levada Center was formed in 1987–88 as the All-Union Public Opinion Research Center (VTsIOM, Russian: ВЦИОМ), under the direction of Tatyana Zaslavskaya, Boris Grushin, Valery Rutgajzer and Yuri Levada. VTsIOM was the first organization to carry out representative mass surveys within the Russian population. Tatyana Zaslavskaya, now the honorary president of Levada Center, headed VTsIOM in 1987–1992, followed by Yuri Levada from 1992 to 2003.[citation needed]
In August 2003 the Ministry for Property Relations attempted to take control of the center by placing government officials on the VTsIOM board of directors. All the employees of VTsIOM quit in response and continued their work under a new name, VTsIOM-A. After the Federal Antimonopoly Service forbade them to use this name, the new organization was renamed "Levada Analytical Center", (Levada Center).
The Levada Center has continued the research programs started by its collective in the 1990s–2000s. One of the largest projects is the study "The Soviet Person" study, or Homo Soveticus, Russian: Советский человек, in which specialists used surveys to monitor and identify significant trends in the social development of Russia's society over the past 15 years.[citation needed]
The founding and development of the agency was intertwined with the career of its founder, Yuri Levada – the first professor to teach sociology at Moscow State University.[citation needed] During the political thaw initiated by Nikita Khrushchev, Levada was allowed to carry out limited surveys of public opinion. In one lecture, Levada asserted that tanks could not change ideologies, a reference to the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968.[citation needed] However, his first conflict with those in power came from a survey asserting that few actually read Pravda's notoriously longwinded editorials; and Pravda quickly and bitterly denounced the sociologist. In 1972, his institute was closed down during a Brezhnev-era purge of some 200 sociologists from research institutes and universities.[citation needed]
Levada was reinstated by reformist Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev as glasnost was under way. He went on to establish the Russian Public Opinion Research Center in 1987, which was renamed All-Union Public Opinion Research Center (VTsIOM) after the end of Soviet Union in 1991.[citation needed] In an interview, Yuri Levada referred to Tatyana Zaslavskaya and Boris Grushin as the founders of VTsIOM in 1987. He stated that he was invited by them to join VTsIOM.[citation needed]
VTsIOM became widely respected for its objectivity and professionalism among academics and journalists in both the Soviet Union and the West. In the 1990s, the agency's polls gained a reputation for reliability.
Although VTsIOM received no government funding, instead relying on private-sector polling contracts from the breakdown of Soviet Union in 1992 to 2003, Levada had not addressed the fact that, on paper, the polling agency remained a state-owned agency.[citation needed]
Levada Center
The Levada Center is a Russian independent, nongovernmental polling and sociological research organization. It is named after its founder, the first Russian professor of sociology Yuri Levada (1930–2006). The center traces back its history to 1987 when the All-Union Public Opinion Research Center (VTsIOM) was founded under the leadership of academician Tatyana Zaslavskaya. As one of Russia's largest research companies,[citation needed] the Levada Center regularly conducts its own and commissioned polling and marketing research. In 2016, it was labelled a foreign agent under the 2012 Russian foreign agent law.
The Levada Center was formed in 1987–88 as the All-Union Public Opinion Research Center (VTsIOM, Russian: ВЦИОМ), under the direction of Tatyana Zaslavskaya, Boris Grushin, Valery Rutgajzer and Yuri Levada. VTsIOM was the first organization to carry out representative mass surveys within the Russian population. Tatyana Zaslavskaya, now the honorary president of Levada Center, headed VTsIOM in 1987–1992, followed by Yuri Levada from 1992 to 2003.[citation needed]
In August 2003 the Ministry for Property Relations attempted to take control of the center by placing government officials on the VTsIOM board of directors. All the employees of VTsIOM quit in response and continued their work under a new name, VTsIOM-A. After the Federal Antimonopoly Service forbade them to use this name, the new organization was renamed "Levada Analytical Center", (Levada Center).
The Levada Center has continued the research programs started by its collective in the 1990s–2000s. One of the largest projects is the study "The Soviet Person" study, or Homo Soveticus, Russian: Советский человек, in which specialists used surveys to monitor and identify significant trends in the social development of Russia's society over the past 15 years.[citation needed]
The founding and development of the agency was intertwined with the career of its founder, Yuri Levada – the first professor to teach sociology at Moscow State University.[citation needed] During the political thaw initiated by Nikita Khrushchev, Levada was allowed to carry out limited surveys of public opinion. In one lecture, Levada asserted that tanks could not change ideologies, a reference to the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968.[citation needed] However, his first conflict with those in power came from a survey asserting that few actually read Pravda's notoriously longwinded editorials; and Pravda quickly and bitterly denounced the sociologist. In 1972, his institute was closed down during a Brezhnev-era purge of some 200 sociologists from research institutes and universities.[citation needed]
Levada was reinstated by reformist Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev as glasnost was under way. He went on to establish the Russian Public Opinion Research Center in 1987, which was renamed All-Union Public Opinion Research Center (VTsIOM) after the end of Soviet Union in 1991.[citation needed] In an interview, Yuri Levada referred to Tatyana Zaslavskaya and Boris Grushin as the founders of VTsIOM in 1987. He stated that he was invited by them to join VTsIOM.[citation needed]
VTsIOM became widely respected for its objectivity and professionalism among academics and journalists in both the Soviet Union and the West. In the 1990s, the agency's polls gained a reputation for reliability.
Although VTsIOM received no government funding, instead relying on private-sector polling contracts from the breakdown of Soviet Union in 1992 to 2003, Levada had not addressed the fact that, on paper, the polling agency remained a state-owned agency.[citation needed]