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List coloring
In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, list coloring is a type of graph coloring where each vertex can be restricted to a list of allowed colors. It was first studied in the 1970s in independent papers by Vizing and by Erdős, Rubin, and Taylor.
Given a graph G and given a set L(v) of colors for each vertex v (called a list), a list coloring is a choice function that maps every vertex v to a color in the list L(v). As with graph coloring, a list coloring is generally assumed to be proper, meaning no two adjacent vertices receive the same color. A graph is k-choosable (or k-list-colorable) if it has a proper list coloring no matter how one assigns a list of k colors to each vertex. The choosability (or list colorability or list chromatic number) ch(G) of a graph G is the least number k such that G is k-choosable.
More generally, for a function f assigning a positive integer f(v) to each vertex v, a graph G is f-choosable (or f-list-colorable) if it has a list coloring no matter how one assigns a list of f(v) colors to each vertex v. In particular, if f(v) = k for all vertices v, f-choosability corresponds to k-choosability.
Consider the complete bipartite graph G = K2,4, having six vertices A, B, W, X, Y, Z such that A and B are each connected to all of W, X, Y, and Z, and no other vertices are connected. As a bipartite graph, G has usual chromatic number 2: one may color A and B in one color and W, X, Y, Z in another and no two adjacent vertices will have the same color. On the other hand, G has list-chromatic number larger than 2, as the following construction shows: assign to A and B the lists {red, blue} and {green, black}. Assign to the other four vertices the lists {red, green}, {red, black}, {blue, green}, and {blue, black}. No matter which choice one makes of a color from the list of A and a color from the list of B, there will be some other vertex such that both of its choices are already used to color its neighbors. Thus, G is not 2-choosable.
On the other hand, it is easy to see that G is 3-choosable: picking arbitrary colors for the vertices A and B leaves at least one available color for each of the remaining vertices, and these colors may be chosen arbitrarily.
More generally, let q be a positive integer, and let G be the complete bipartite graph Kq,qq. Let the available colors be represented by the q2 different two-digit numbers in radix q. On one side of the bipartition, let the q vertices be given sets of colors {i0, i1, i2, ...} in which the first digits are equal to each other, for each of the q possible choices of the first digit i. On the other side of the bipartition, let the qq vertices be given sets of colors {0a, 1b, 2c, ...} in which the first digits are all distinct, for each of the qq possible choices of the q-tuple (a, b, c, ...). The illustration shows a larger example of the same construction, with q = 3.
Then, G does not have a list coloring for L: no matter what set of colors is chosen for the vertices on the small side of the bipartition, this choice will conflict with all of the colors for one of the vertices on the other side of the bipartition. For instance if the vertex with color set {00,01} is colored 01, and the vertex with color set {10,11} is colored 10, then the vertex with color set {01,10} cannot be colored. Therefore, the list chromatic number of G is at least q + 1.
Similarly, if then the complete bipartite graph Kn,n is not k-choosable. For, suppose that 2k − 1 colors are available in total, and that, on a single side of the bipartition, each vertex has available to it a different k-tuple of these colors than each other vertex. Then, each side of the bipartition must use at least k colors, because every set of k − 1 colors will be disjoint from the list of one vertex. Since at least k colors are used on one side and at least k are used on the other, there must be one color which is used on both sides, but this implies that two adjacent vertices have the same color. In particular, the utility graph K3,3 has list-chromatic number at least three, and the graph K10,10 has list-chromatic number at least four.
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List coloring AI simulator
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List coloring
In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, list coloring is a type of graph coloring where each vertex can be restricted to a list of allowed colors. It was first studied in the 1970s in independent papers by Vizing and by Erdős, Rubin, and Taylor.
Given a graph G and given a set L(v) of colors for each vertex v (called a list), a list coloring is a choice function that maps every vertex v to a color in the list L(v). As with graph coloring, a list coloring is generally assumed to be proper, meaning no two adjacent vertices receive the same color. A graph is k-choosable (or k-list-colorable) if it has a proper list coloring no matter how one assigns a list of k colors to each vertex. The choosability (or list colorability or list chromatic number) ch(G) of a graph G is the least number k such that G is k-choosable.
More generally, for a function f assigning a positive integer f(v) to each vertex v, a graph G is f-choosable (or f-list-colorable) if it has a list coloring no matter how one assigns a list of f(v) colors to each vertex v. In particular, if f(v) = k for all vertices v, f-choosability corresponds to k-choosability.
Consider the complete bipartite graph G = K2,4, having six vertices A, B, W, X, Y, Z such that A and B are each connected to all of W, X, Y, and Z, and no other vertices are connected. As a bipartite graph, G has usual chromatic number 2: one may color A and B in one color and W, X, Y, Z in another and no two adjacent vertices will have the same color. On the other hand, G has list-chromatic number larger than 2, as the following construction shows: assign to A and B the lists {red, blue} and {green, black}. Assign to the other four vertices the lists {red, green}, {red, black}, {blue, green}, and {blue, black}. No matter which choice one makes of a color from the list of A and a color from the list of B, there will be some other vertex such that both of its choices are already used to color its neighbors. Thus, G is not 2-choosable.
On the other hand, it is easy to see that G is 3-choosable: picking arbitrary colors for the vertices A and B leaves at least one available color for each of the remaining vertices, and these colors may be chosen arbitrarily.
More generally, let q be a positive integer, and let G be the complete bipartite graph Kq,qq. Let the available colors be represented by the q2 different two-digit numbers in radix q. On one side of the bipartition, let the q vertices be given sets of colors {i0, i1, i2, ...} in which the first digits are equal to each other, for each of the q possible choices of the first digit i. On the other side of the bipartition, let the qq vertices be given sets of colors {0a, 1b, 2c, ...} in which the first digits are all distinct, for each of the qq possible choices of the q-tuple (a, b, c, ...). The illustration shows a larger example of the same construction, with q = 3.
Then, G does not have a list coloring for L: no matter what set of colors is chosen for the vertices on the small side of the bipartition, this choice will conflict with all of the colors for one of the vertices on the other side of the bipartition. For instance if the vertex with color set {00,01} is colored 01, and the vertex with color set {10,11} is colored 10, then the vertex with color set {01,10} cannot be colored. Therefore, the list chromatic number of G is at least q + 1.
Similarly, if then the complete bipartite graph Kn,n is not k-choosable. For, suppose that 2k − 1 colors are available in total, and that, on a single side of the bipartition, each vertex has available to it a different k-tuple of these colors than each other vertex. Then, each side of the bipartition must use at least k colors, because every set of k − 1 colors will be disjoint from the list of one vertex. Since at least k colors are used on one side and at least k are used on the other, there must be one color which is used on both sides, but this implies that two adjacent vertices have the same color. In particular, the utility graph K3,3 has list-chromatic number at least three, and the graph K10,10 has list-chromatic number at least four.