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Los Notables
Los Notables (lit. 'The Notables') were a group of Venezuelan intellectuals formed in 1990 and headed by Arturo Uslar Pietri critical of the second government of Carlos Andrés Pérez who proposed the implementation of several public reforms. The group would later demand the proposals implementation, demand the resignation or dismissal of Carlos Andrés and would criticize other state institutions, including the Venezuelan Supreme Court and judicial system, the Supreme Electoral Council, the Congress and the political parties. It was later suggested that members of the group may have been involved in subsequent conspiracies against the government of Carlos Andres, including the first and second attempted coup d'état in Venezuela in 1992. Rafael Caldera and Ramón Escovar Salom, Venezuela's attorney general, are also usually included in the group.
After the 1970's oil boom, the Venezuelan economy entered into crisis as a result of the indebtedness incurred by the first government of Carlos Andrés Pérez. Starting with the 1980's fall of oil prices, a gradual economic slowdown began while the Venezuelan State increased its revenues and expenses, which caused a devaluation of the currency in 1983. From then on, the economic policies of the governments of Luis Herrera Campíns and Jaime Lusinchi were not able to stop the inflationary spirals, generating distrust in investments and loss of credibility in the national currency. Some of the measures applied by these governments to stop the structural effects were the establishment of the Differential Exchange Rate Regime (RECADI), during the Herrera Campins government, and a price control, during the Lusinchi government, measures that resulted in administrative corruption and black markets of foreign currency and goods. Carlos Andrés Pérez, elected as Democratic Action's candidate on 4 December 1988, began a series of liberalizing economic measures in response to the crisis known as El Gran Viraje.
During his presidency, personal animosity towards Carlos Andres from some sectors of society joined the rejection of his economic measures, causing an agreement between the right and the political left in their rejection of Pérez. Carlos Andrés served as Minister of Internal Affairs during the government of Rómulo Betancourt, where he played an important role against the anti-guerrilla struggle, which had generated resentment in sectors of the left. During the first government of Andrés Pérez, Ramón Escovar Salom was removed as Minister of Foreign Affairs. Democratic Action was also involved in the 1945 Venezuelan coup d'état against the government of Isaías Medina Angarita, where Arturo Uslar Pietri had held the position of Minister of Internal Affairs. Said coup thwarted Uslar Pietri's political aspirations, including the possibility of becoming President of Venezuela.
On 10 August 1990, a group of intellectuals, including Arturo Uslar Pietri, organized as a civil association and published an open letter addressed to President Carlos Andrés Pérez, proposing electoral and judicial reforms. The group would later become known as "Los Notables" and the signatories were as follows:
On 25 August, Arturo Uslar Pietri proposed the creation of the figure of a prime minister, and on 3 December, the group of Los Notables published a second document in which they complained about the Executive and the political parties for not taking into account their demand for uninominal elections and judicial reform.
On 30 July 1991, Los Notables publish a third document demanding the satisfaction of their petitions as a response to the national crisis. In an interview to El Nacional, Uslar Pietri declared on 17 November that if answers were not given to the Venezuelan crisis, a coup d'état could take place. On 1 December, Uslar Pietri again declares in RCTV's Primer Plano talk show that "it would be idiotic to deny the possibility of a coup".
By 1992 the group had gained significant renown and prestige, aided by their academic careers. It was later suggested that members of the group could have been involved in subsequent conspiracies against the government of Carlos Andres, including the first and second coup attempts of 1992. After the 4 February coup d'état attempt, Los Notables proceeded to press for greater demands, including criticism of the Supreme Court of Justice and the Venezuelan judicial system, the Supreme Electoral Council (demanding judicial and electoral reform that included uninational voting), political parties, Congress and the government of Carlos Andrés. After the coup, Uslar Pietri declared that "it would be very serious to think" that the military rebels were just "madmen who threw the parade" because with other Venezuelans they shared "a sovereign dislike for the way the government functioned".
In an extraordinary session of the National Congress on the occasion of the coup d'état attempt, then Senator Rafael Caldera made the following speech:
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Los Notables
Los Notables (lit. 'The Notables') were a group of Venezuelan intellectuals formed in 1990 and headed by Arturo Uslar Pietri critical of the second government of Carlos Andrés Pérez who proposed the implementation of several public reforms. The group would later demand the proposals implementation, demand the resignation or dismissal of Carlos Andrés and would criticize other state institutions, including the Venezuelan Supreme Court and judicial system, the Supreme Electoral Council, the Congress and the political parties. It was later suggested that members of the group may have been involved in subsequent conspiracies against the government of Carlos Andres, including the first and second attempted coup d'état in Venezuela in 1992. Rafael Caldera and Ramón Escovar Salom, Venezuela's attorney general, are also usually included in the group.
After the 1970's oil boom, the Venezuelan economy entered into crisis as a result of the indebtedness incurred by the first government of Carlos Andrés Pérez. Starting with the 1980's fall of oil prices, a gradual economic slowdown began while the Venezuelan State increased its revenues and expenses, which caused a devaluation of the currency in 1983. From then on, the economic policies of the governments of Luis Herrera Campíns and Jaime Lusinchi were not able to stop the inflationary spirals, generating distrust in investments and loss of credibility in the national currency. Some of the measures applied by these governments to stop the structural effects were the establishment of the Differential Exchange Rate Regime (RECADI), during the Herrera Campins government, and a price control, during the Lusinchi government, measures that resulted in administrative corruption and black markets of foreign currency and goods. Carlos Andrés Pérez, elected as Democratic Action's candidate on 4 December 1988, began a series of liberalizing economic measures in response to the crisis known as El Gran Viraje.
During his presidency, personal animosity towards Carlos Andres from some sectors of society joined the rejection of his economic measures, causing an agreement between the right and the political left in their rejection of Pérez. Carlos Andrés served as Minister of Internal Affairs during the government of Rómulo Betancourt, where he played an important role against the anti-guerrilla struggle, which had generated resentment in sectors of the left. During the first government of Andrés Pérez, Ramón Escovar Salom was removed as Minister of Foreign Affairs. Democratic Action was also involved in the 1945 Venezuelan coup d'état against the government of Isaías Medina Angarita, where Arturo Uslar Pietri had held the position of Minister of Internal Affairs. Said coup thwarted Uslar Pietri's political aspirations, including the possibility of becoming President of Venezuela.
On 10 August 1990, a group of intellectuals, including Arturo Uslar Pietri, organized as a civil association and published an open letter addressed to President Carlos Andrés Pérez, proposing electoral and judicial reforms. The group would later become known as "Los Notables" and the signatories were as follows:
On 25 August, Arturo Uslar Pietri proposed the creation of the figure of a prime minister, and on 3 December, the group of Los Notables published a second document in which they complained about the Executive and the political parties for not taking into account their demand for uninominal elections and judicial reform.
On 30 July 1991, Los Notables publish a third document demanding the satisfaction of their petitions as a response to the national crisis. In an interview to El Nacional, Uslar Pietri declared on 17 November that if answers were not given to the Venezuelan crisis, a coup d'état could take place. On 1 December, Uslar Pietri again declares in RCTV's Primer Plano talk show that "it would be idiotic to deny the possibility of a coup".
By 1992 the group had gained significant renown and prestige, aided by their academic careers. It was later suggested that members of the group could have been involved in subsequent conspiracies against the government of Carlos Andres, including the first and second coup attempts of 1992. After the 4 February coup d'état attempt, Los Notables proceeded to press for greater demands, including criticism of the Supreme Court of Justice and the Venezuelan judicial system, the Supreme Electoral Council (demanding judicial and electoral reform that included uninational voting), political parties, Congress and the government of Carlos Andrés. After the coup, Uslar Pietri declared that "it would be very serious to think" that the military rebels were just "madmen who threw the parade" because with other Venezuelans they shared "a sovereign dislike for the way the government functioned".
In an extraordinary session of the National Congress on the occasion of the coup d'état attempt, then Senator Rafael Caldera made the following speech: