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Ełk
Ełk (Polish pronunciation: [ɛwk] ⓘ; German: Lyck) is a city in northeastern Poland with 61,677 inhabitants as of December 2021. It is the seat of Ełk County in the Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship. It lies on the shore of Ełk Lake, which was formed by a glacier, and is surrounded by extensive forests. It is the largest city and unofficial capital of historical Masuria.
The town began as a settlement of the Teutonic Order in the late 14th century and received town rights in 1445. In 1525 it became part of Ducal Prussia, a fief of the Polish Crown. In the 16th century the town developed into a regional printing and publishing centre and home to the leading Polish school in Masuria. In 1657, it passed fully under the control of Brandenburg-Prussia, which later developed into the Kingdom of Prussia. In the 1920 East Prussian plebiscite, the population voted to remain in Germany, and the town stayed part of the German state until the end of the World War II. After the war, the town and the surrounding region were incorporated into Poland.
Today Ełk is an important rail and road junction and food industry hub in north-eastern Poland, and the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ełk. One of the principal attractions in the area is legal hunting.
The area where the town of Ełk is located was originally inhabited by Jatvingians, a Baltic peoples, during the Early Middle Ages. By 1281, Skomand the last leader of the pagan Jatvingians, capitulated to the crusading Teutonic Knights, who initially were invited in 1226 by Konrad I of Masovia from the Polish Piast dynasty to put an end to the constant pagan raids into his territory.
After 1323, the northern part of the region was administered by the commandery of Brandenburg, while the larger part with the later town belonged to Balga commandery. A former Old Prussian settlement, the town was first documented in 1398 around a castle built by the Teutonic Knights. The town's name has various postulated origins. Its German version Lyck is postulated to be derived from its Old Prussian name, Luks (from the word for waterlily, luka), while another theory holds that the name comes from Polish word "łęg" meaning meadow. Old Polish names of the town included Łek, Łęg and Łęk. It received German town law in 1445.
After the outbreak of the Thirteen Years' War in 1454, the town sided with the Prussian Confederation,[need quotation to verify] at whose request the Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellon announced the incorporation of the region into the Kingdom of Poland, which resulted in the town becoming part of the Polish state. The town was briefly captured by the Teutonic Knights in 1455, and later on, it was conquered alternately by the Poles and the Teutonic Knights. After 1466 it came under Polish suzerainty as a fief.
In 1537, Duke Albert of Prussia donated an estate to Jan Malecki, a Polish printer from Kraków who had either fled or moved to Ducal Prussia for material reasons, to establish a printing house. After converting to Lutheranism, Malecki translated and published Martin Luther's Small Catechism in Polish In 1546 a Polish school, the first school for secondary education in Masuria, was founded in the city, where apart from locals also Polish nobles from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were taught. Polish pastor, translator, publisher and co-creator of the literary Polish language, Hieronim Malecki, was the school's first rector. In the mid-16th century Ełk was one of the most thriving centers of Polish-language printing.[citation needed] In 1600, the town's population was Polish, and almost all innkeepers had Polish surnames.[better source needed] In 1639 the King of Poland Władysław IV Vasa visited the town. It remained under Polish suzerainty until 1657, when Poland renounced its feudal rights in the Treaty of Bromberg and the Hohenzollern dynasty of Brandenburg gained hereditary sovereignty in the Duchy.
In 1709-10, the plague claimed 1,300 victims. In 1831, 300 people, about 10 percent of the populace, died of the cholera, in 1837 another 80 and 333 in 1852.
Ełk
Ełk (Polish pronunciation: [ɛwk] ⓘ; German: Lyck) is a city in northeastern Poland with 61,677 inhabitants as of December 2021. It is the seat of Ełk County in the Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship. It lies on the shore of Ełk Lake, which was formed by a glacier, and is surrounded by extensive forests. It is the largest city and unofficial capital of historical Masuria.
The town began as a settlement of the Teutonic Order in the late 14th century and received town rights in 1445. In 1525 it became part of Ducal Prussia, a fief of the Polish Crown. In the 16th century the town developed into a regional printing and publishing centre and home to the leading Polish school in Masuria. In 1657, it passed fully under the control of Brandenburg-Prussia, which later developed into the Kingdom of Prussia. In the 1920 East Prussian plebiscite, the population voted to remain in Germany, and the town stayed part of the German state until the end of the World War II. After the war, the town and the surrounding region were incorporated into Poland.
Today Ełk is an important rail and road junction and food industry hub in north-eastern Poland, and the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ełk. One of the principal attractions in the area is legal hunting.
The area where the town of Ełk is located was originally inhabited by Jatvingians, a Baltic peoples, during the Early Middle Ages. By 1281, Skomand the last leader of the pagan Jatvingians, capitulated to the crusading Teutonic Knights, who initially were invited in 1226 by Konrad I of Masovia from the Polish Piast dynasty to put an end to the constant pagan raids into his territory.
After 1323, the northern part of the region was administered by the commandery of Brandenburg, while the larger part with the later town belonged to Balga commandery. A former Old Prussian settlement, the town was first documented in 1398 around a castle built by the Teutonic Knights. The town's name has various postulated origins. Its German version Lyck is postulated to be derived from its Old Prussian name, Luks (from the word for waterlily, luka), while another theory holds that the name comes from Polish word "łęg" meaning meadow. Old Polish names of the town included Łek, Łęg and Łęk. It received German town law in 1445.
After the outbreak of the Thirteen Years' War in 1454, the town sided with the Prussian Confederation,[need quotation to verify] at whose request the Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellon announced the incorporation of the region into the Kingdom of Poland, which resulted in the town becoming part of the Polish state. The town was briefly captured by the Teutonic Knights in 1455, and later on, it was conquered alternately by the Poles and the Teutonic Knights. After 1466 it came under Polish suzerainty as a fief.
In 1537, Duke Albert of Prussia donated an estate to Jan Malecki, a Polish printer from Kraków who had either fled or moved to Ducal Prussia for material reasons, to establish a printing house. After converting to Lutheranism, Malecki translated and published Martin Luther's Small Catechism in Polish In 1546 a Polish school, the first school for secondary education in Masuria, was founded in the city, where apart from locals also Polish nobles from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were taught. Polish pastor, translator, publisher and co-creator of the literary Polish language, Hieronim Malecki, was the school's first rector. In the mid-16th century Ełk was one of the most thriving centers of Polish-language printing.[citation needed] In 1600, the town's population was Polish, and almost all innkeepers had Polish surnames.[better source needed] In 1639 the King of Poland Władysław IV Vasa visited the town. It remained under Polish suzerainty until 1657, when Poland renounced its feudal rights in the Treaty of Bromberg and the Hohenzollern dynasty of Brandenburg gained hereditary sovereignty in the Duchy.
In 1709-10, the plague claimed 1,300 victims. In 1831, 300 people, about 10 percent of the populace, died of the cholera, in 1837 another 80 and 333 in 1852.
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