Gandhi developed the concept of satyagraha, or nonviolent resistance, while in South Africa. This philosophy became the cornerstone of his political activism.

Gandhi launched the Non-Cooperation Movement, which called for the boycott of British goods and institutions. The movement was a significant step in the struggle for Indian independence.

Gandhi advocated for swaraj, or self-rule, as the ultimate goal of the Indian independence movement. He believed in the importance of economic self-reliance and social justice.