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Metropolis of Kyiv
The Metropolis of Kyiv (Greek: Μητρόπολις Κιέβου, romanized: Mitrópolis Kiévou; Ukrainian: Ки́ївська митропо́лія, romanized: Kyivska mytropoliia; Belarusian: Кіеўская мітраполія, Kijeŭskaja mitrapolija) was an autonomous metropolis of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople with center in Kyiv after its formation in 988 as a result of the Christianization of Rus by Volodymyr the Great until January 6, 2019, when it received the Tomos on Autocephaly.
In 1596, the Union of Brest was adopted which transferred the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the metropolis from the Ecumenical Patriarchate to the Holy See. As a sui juris Eastern Catholic particular church, the metropolis retained its ancient rights; in time, it came to be known as the Ruthenian Uniate Church. Some clergy and laity in the Commonwealth continued to give their loyalty to Constantinople but had no hierarchs to support them. In 1620, the Ukrainian Cossacks, led by Hetman Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny, secured the restoration of the Orthodox hierarchy in the Commonwealth as the Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus'.
In 1685, the Moscow Patriarchate began the annexation of the Metropolis of Kiev of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, ordaining Metropolitan Gedeon of Kiev in Moscovy. In 1686, through simony, Ecumenical Patriarch Dionysius IV (who was later anathema) issued a Synodal letter granting the right to ordinate the Metropolitan of Kiev to the Moscow Patriarch in the manner of austerity elected by the council of clergy and the faithful of his diocese. It was obligatory that the Metropolitan of Kyiv should mention the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople as his First Hierarch in any service, proclaiming and confirming his canonical dependence on the Mother Church of Constantinople, but none of these conditions were met. The Metropolis of Kiev actually became one of the ordinary dioceses of the Moscow Patriarchate, when Peter the Great in 1722 elected Barlaam (Voniatovych) in the rank of archbishop, not metropolitan. The Holy Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in the process of granting autocephaly to the Church of Ukraine during its meeting on October 11, 2018, canceled the Synodal Letter of 1686 due to simony and its gross violation.
Since its founding, the Metropolis of Kyiv has served as the cradle of Ukrainian Christianity for Orthodox and Catholics. The autocephalous Orthodox Church of Ukraine, the sui iuris Belarusian Greek Catholic Church and Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and the autonomous and independent Ukrainian Orthodox Church declare themselves the heirs of the Metropolis of Kyiv.
Christianity on the territory of modern Ukraine came in apostolic times. Legend has it that the Apostle Andrew the First-Called was on the hills of Kiev and proclaimed to his disciples "Do you see those mountains – God's grace shines on these mountains – a great city will arise here and God will build many churches." Thus, the supporters of this version consider the Ukrainian Church to be apostolic and put it on a par with other great churches. Many sources also indicate that the apostle Andrew preached on the northern coast of the Black Sea to the peoples of Scythia. In addition, the Apostle Paul preached in the lands of Macedonia, Greece, and the Kingdom of Bulgaria, and from there Christianity spread to the Ukrainian lands.
Prince Askold of Kiev was inclined to accept Christianity. According to legend, on the tomb of Askold was to be built the church of St. Nicholas, which would indicate that he was a Christian. However, Askold's limited adoption of Byzantine Christianity and his disregard for the specifics of the Slavic worldview led to the fact that in 882 Prince Oleg of Novgorod, using pagan opposition, captured Kiev . Oleg's successor at the Kiev table, Igor I (913–945), was tolerant of Christianity and did not hinder its gradual penetration into the country.
After Igor's death in 945, his widow, Grand Princess Olga, became the head of state. During her stay in 957 in Constantinople, great effort was made to obtain the highest state title of "daughter" of the emperor, for which Olga privately (most likely in Kiev in 955) was baptized. In her mail, Olga had a priest, Gregory, as told in detail by Constantine the Crimson. After returning from Constantinople, the princess began to pursue a line to limit the influence of paganism in the state, violating the "demonic trebors" and building a wooden church of St. Sophia. However, Olga's actions did not give the desired results. Unable to gain political advantage from Byzantium, she turned her attention to the West, inviting clergy from the German kingdom that had risen under Otto I (936–973). According to German chroniclers, ambassadors from Princess Olga in 959 "asked to consecrate a bishop and priests for this people." In response, he sent an embassy to Rus, headed by Bishop Adalbert. However, in 962 he returned with nothing. Olga's activity did not find support and understanding in her immediate environment. Even his son Sviatoslav, despite his mother's persuasion, refused to accept Christianity, but his sons Yaropolk and Oleg were probably already Christians. Moreover, in 979 Pope Benedict VII sent ambassadors to Yaropolk.
In 988 after the adoption of Christianity as the state religion in Kievan Rus, the Metropolis of Kiev was formed, which was subordinated to the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople:
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Metropolis of Kyiv
The Metropolis of Kyiv (Greek: Μητρόπολις Κιέβου, romanized: Mitrópolis Kiévou; Ukrainian: Ки́ївська митропо́лія, romanized: Kyivska mytropoliia; Belarusian: Кіеўская мітраполія, Kijeŭskaja mitrapolija) was an autonomous metropolis of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople with center in Kyiv after its formation in 988 as a result of the Christianization of Rus by Volodymyr the Great until January 6, 2019, when it received the Tomos on Autocephaly.
In 1596, the Union of Brest was adopted which transferred the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the metropolis from the Ecumenical Patriarchate to the Holy See. As a sui juris Eastern Catholic particular church, the metropolis retained its ancient rights; in time, it came to be known as the Ruthenian Uniate Church. Some clergy and laity in the Commonwealth continued to give their loyalty to Constantinople but had no hierarchs to support them. In 1620, the Ukrainian Cossacks, led by Hetman Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny, secured the restoration of the Orthodox hierarchy in the Commonwealth as the Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus'.
In 1685, the Moscow Patriarchate began the annexation of the Metropolis of Kiev of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, ordaining Metropolitan Gedeon of Kiev in Moscovy. In 1686, through simony, Ecumenical Patriarch Dionysius IV (who was later anathema) issued a Synodal letter granting the right to ordinate the Metropolitan of Kiev to the Moscow Patriarch in the manner of austerity elected by the council of clergy and the faithful of his diocese. It was obligatory that the Metropolitan of Kyiv should mention the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople as his First Hierarch in any service, proclaiming and confirming his canonical dependence on the Mother Church of Constantinople, but none of these conditions were met. The Metropolis of Kiev actually became one of the ordinary dioceses of the Moscow Patriarchate, when Peter the Great in 1722 elected Barlaam (Voniatovych) in the rank of archbishop, not metropolitan. The Holy Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in the process of granting autocephaly to the Church of Ukraine during its meeting on October 11, 2018, canceled the Synodal Letter of 1686 due to simony and its gross violation.
Since its founding, the Metropolis of Kyiv has served as the cradle of Ukrainian Christianity for Orthodox and Catholics. The autocephalous Orthodox Church of Ukraine, the sui iuris Belarusian Greek Catholic Church and Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and the autonomous and independent Ukrainian Orthodox Church declare themselves the heirs of the Metropolis of Kyiv.
Christianity on the territory of modern Ukraine came in apostolic times. Legend has it that the Apostle Andrew the First-Called was on the hills of Kiev and proclaimed to his disciples "Do you see those mountains – God's grace shines on these mountains – a great city will arise here and God will build many churches." Thus, the supporters of this version consider the Ukrainian Church to be apostolic and put it on a par with other great churches. Many sources also indicate that the apostle Andrew preached on the northern coast of the Black Sea to the peoples of Scythia. In addition, the Apostle Paul preached in the lands of Macedonia, Greece, and the Kingdom of Bulgaria, and from there Christianity spread to the Ukrainian lands.
Prince Askold of Kiev was inclined to accept Christianity. According to legend, on the tomb of Askold was to be built the church of St. Nicholas, which would indicate that he was a Christian. However, Askold's limited adoption of Byzantine Christianity and his disregard for the specifics of the Slavic worldview led to the fact that in 882 Prince Oleg of Novgorod, using pagan opposition, captured Kiev . Oleg's successor at the Kiev table, Igor I (913–945), was tolerant of Christianity and did not hinder its gradual penetration into the country.
After Igor's death in 945, his widow, Grand Princess Olga, became the head of state. During her stay in 957 in Constantinople, great effort was made to obtain the highest state title of "daughter" of the emperor, for which Olga privately (most likely in Kiev in 955) was baptized. In her mail, Olga had a priest, Gregory, as told in detail by Constantine the Crimson. After returning from Constantinople, the princess began to pursue a line to limit the influence of paganism in the state, violating the "demonic trebors" and building a wooden church of St. Sophia. However, Olga's actions did not give the desired results. Unable to gain political advantage from Byzantium, she turned her attention to the West, inviting clergy from the German kingdom that had risen under Otto I (936–973). According to German chroniclers, ambassadors from Princess Olga in 959 "asked to consecrate a bishop and priests for this people." In response, he sent an embassy to Rus, headed by Bishop Adalbert. However, in 962 he returned with nothing. Olga's activity did not find support and understanding in her immediate environment. Even his son Sviatoslav, despite his mother's persuasion, refused to accept Christianity, but his sons Yaropolk and Oleg were probably already Christians. Moreover, in 979 Pope Benedict VII sent ambassadors to Yaropolk.
In 988 after the adoption of Christianity as the state religion in Kievan Rus, the Metropolis of Kiev was formed, which was subordinated to the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople: