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Noe Zhordania
Noe Zhordania (Georgian: ნოე ჟორდანია [nɔɛ ʒɔrdɑniɑ]; Russian: Ной Никола́евич Жорда́ния, romanized: Noy Nikoláevich Zhordániya; January 15 [O.S. 2 January] 1868 – January 11, 1953) was a Georgian journalist and Menshevik politician. He played an eminent role in the socialist revolutionary movement in the Russian Empire, and later chaired the government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia from July 24, 1918, until March 18, 1921, when the Bolshevik Russian Red Army invasion of Georgia forced him into exile to France. There Zhordania led the government-in-exile until his death in 1953.
Zhordania was born on 15 January [O.S. 2 January] 1868 to a petty landowner family living in the village of Lanchkhuti in Guria, western Georgia, then part of the Kutais Governorate of Imperial Russia.
According to Redjeb Jordania (born in 1921), son of Noe Jordania (Zhordania), his lineage traces back to three Italian brothers who emigrated from Genoa to Georgia. One of them was a gardener, and the others were merchants. One settled in Mingrelia and became the ancestor of the Zhordanias from Tsaishi (Georgian: ცაიში). Another moved to Arhavi (Georgian: არქაბი), and his descendants became the Zhordanias of Arhavi. The third was granted serfs and estates by the House of Gurieli in Lanchkhuti, and remained in Guria. He was the ancestor of the Zhordanias from Lanchkhuti, including Radjeb (Redjeb) Zhordania, grandfather of Noe Zhordania.
In his early years, Radjeb became an orphan and was taken to Mingrelia by his uncles. Later, he returned to his hometown of Lanchkhuti, but was not welcomed by his relatives. Consequently, he moved to Shukhuti and demanded his share of the family property. He was granted a plot of land, where he built an oda (Georgian: ოდა)—a traditional house typical of the Guria region —married the daughter of Apakidze, and settled there between 1825 and 1830.
Later, he participated in the Crimean War, where he attained the rank of captain and was eventually killed in action. He had four sons: Butchu, Potine, Niko, and Iosef. Niko, the father of Noe and Gulchino Zhordania, was the village scribe, a lawyer, and a court mediator. Kristine Chikovani, Noe's mother, was Mingrelian.
He had his primary education in a Lanchkhuti public school. Afterwards, he graduated from the Ozurgeti Orthodox Theological Academy. He then moved to Tbilisi where he graduated from the Georgian Orthodox Theological Seminary, a prestigious academic institution at the time (just a few years later Josef Stalin would enter that same academy). However, while Noe's parents hoped that their child would become a priest, from an early age he started to disbelieve in God. He wrote:
'God is Nature herself; as for a white-bearded deity, seated upon a throne, such a personage simply does not exist'. 'I thought to myself: If Nature's lord and master is Nature itself, then who is the rightful lord and master of mankind? The general opinion was that the Tsar (King) was the lord over the people, and that the Tsar(King) was himself appointed by God. But if God did not exist any more, the Tsar(King) could not be his representative. I was therefore at a loss to understand by whose command and authority he sat upon his throne.'
In the academy he was the head of an illegal student association that was opposing the drawbacks of the present situation in Academy. At the same time he was reading forbidden books, such as the Russian revolutionary-democratic literature of (Nikolay Chernyshevsky and Alexander Herzen), and familiarized himself with the content of populist literature, magazines and newspapers provided by Zakaria Chichinadze. In 1891 he moved to Warsaw, Poland, and attended the Warsaw Veterinarian Institute. During this period young Zhordania understood the basics of Marxism. In his memories Zhordania described his political evolution in 1892 as a reflection of Russia's transition from socialism to Marxism. Specifically he meant the period after 1891, when he left his homeland to continue his studies abroad. With Filipp Makharadze, Noe Zhordania started a close correspondence with other Georgian intellectuals, namely Silvester Dzhibladze and Egnate Ninoshvili, by sending them illegal Marxist literature. He was impressed by "Mr. L. Tikhomirov's Grief", a booklet written by Georgi Plekhanov.[citation needed] In Warsaw, apart from Marxism, Zhordania also became acquainted with the Polish national movement, which fought for the autonomy of Poland. In 1892, he was forced to leave for Georgia due to Pneumonia.
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Noe Zhordania
Noe Zhordania (Georgian: ნოე ჟორდანია [nɔɛ ʒɔrdɑniɑ]; Russian: Ной Никола́евич Жорда́ния, romanized: Noy Nikoláevich Zhordániya; January 15 [O.S. 2 January] 1868 – January 11, 1953) was a Georgian journalist and Menshevik politician. He played an eminent role in the socialist revolutionary movement in the Russian Empire, and later chaired the government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia from July 24, 1918, until March 18, 1921, when the Bolshevik Russian Red Army invasion of Georgia forced him into exile to France. There Zhordania led the government-in-exile until his death in 1953.
Zhordania was born on 15 January [O.S. 2 January] 1868 to a petty landowner family living in the village of Lanchkhuti in Guria, western Georgia, then part of the Kutais Governorate of Imperial Russia.
According to Redjeb Jordania (born in 1921), son of Noe Jordania (Zhordania), his lineage traces back to three Italian brothers who emigrated from Genoa to Georgia. One of them was a gardener, and the others were merchants. One settled in Mingrelia and became the ancestor of the Zhordanias from Tsaishi (Georgian: ცაიში). Another moved to Arhavi (Georgian: არქაბი), and his descendants became the Zhordanias of Arhavi. The third was granted serfs and estates by the House of Gurieli in Lanchkhuti, and remained in Guria. He was the ancestor of the Zhordanias from Lanchkhuti, including Radjeb (Redjeb) Zhordania, grandfather of Noe Zhordania.
In his early years, Radjeb became an orphan and was taken to Mingrelia by his uncles. Later, he returned to his hometown of Lanchkhuti, but was not welcomed by his relatives. Consequently, he moved to Shukhuti and demanded his share of the family property. He was granted a plot of land, where he built an oda (Georgian: ოდა)—a traditional house typical of the Guria region —married the daughter of Apakidze, and settled there between 1825 and 1830.
Later, he participated in the Crimean War, where he attained the rank of captain and was eventually killed in action. He had four sons: Butchu, Potine, Niko, and Iosef. Niko, the father of Noe and Gulchino Zhordania, was the village scribe, a lawyer, and a court mediator. Kristine Chikovani, Noe's mother, was Mingrelian.
He had his primary education in a Lanchkhuti public school. Afterwards, he graduated from the Ozurgeti Orthodox Theological Academy. He then moved to Tbilisi where he graduated from the Georgian Orthodox Theological Seminary, a prestigious academic institution at the time (just a few years later Josef Stalin would enter that same academy). However, while Noe's parents hoped that their child would become a priest, from an early age he started to disbelieve in God. He wrote:
'God is Nature herself; as for a white-bearded deity, seated upon a throne, such a personage simply does not exist'. 'I thought to myself: If Nature's lord and master is Nature itself, then who is the rightful lord and master of mankind? The general opinion was that the Tsar (King) was the lord over the people, and that the Tsar(King) was himself appointed by God. But if God did not exist any more, the Tsar(King) could not be his representative. I was therefore at a loss to understand by whose command and authority he sat upon his throne.'
In the academy he was the head of an illegal student association that was opposing the drawbacks of the present situation in Academy. At the same time he was reading forbidden books, such as the Russian revolutionary-democratic literature of (Nikolay Chernyshevsky and Alexander Herzen), and familiarized himself with the content of populist literature, magazines and newspapers provided by Zakaria Chichinadze. In 1891 he moved to Warsaw, Poland, and attended the Warsaw Veterinarian Institute. During this period young Zhordania understood the basics of Marxism. In his memories Zhordania described his political evolution in 1892 as a reflection of Russia's transition from socialism to Marxism. Specifically he meant the period after 1891, when he left his homeland to continue his studies abroad. With Filipp Makharadze, Noe Zhordania started a close correspondence with other Georgian intellectuals, namely Silvester Dzhibladze and Egnate Ninoshvili, by sending them illegal Marxist literature. He was impressed by "Mr. L. Tikhomirov's Grief", a booklet written by Georgi Plekhanov.[citation needed] In Warsaw, apart from Marxism, Zhordania also became acquainted with the Polish national movement, which fought for the autonomy of Poland. In 1892, he was forced to leave for Georgia due to Pneumonia.
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