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Nordic colonialism
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Nordic colonialism
Nordic colonialism is a subdivision within broader colonial studies that discusses the role of Nordic nations in achieving economic benefits from outside of their own cultural sphere. The field ranges from studying the Sámi in relation to the Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish and states, to activities of the Danish Colonial Empire and Swedish Empire in Africa, Greenland, New Sweden, and on Caribbean islands such as St. Thomas and Saint-Barthélemy.
Some consider Norse Vikings to be the first Europeans to create colonies in the Americas. The arrival of Leif Erikson, of Iceland, in the Americas occurred 500 years before Christopher Columbus, and it was unintentional, as it was said that his ship was blown off-course on the way to Greenland. Erikson established settlements in what is now modern day Newfoundland, Canada. In the year 999 c. Erikson's father, Erik the Red, was one of the first Europeans to establish colonies in Greenland. Iceland was considered the first European country to create colonies in North America and Greenland.
The Norse Greenland colonists referred to the Indigenous Beothuk and Inuit peoples of Newfoundland and Greenland using the derogatory term "skraelings", which meant "wretch" or "scared weakling". The Norse sagas characterize the Indigenous peoples of North America as hostile.
In Danish-ruled Iceland, some Icelandic people participated in Danish colonialism against Black and Asian people. In the 17th century, the Icelander Jón Ólafsson visited Africa and India during his time working for the Danish East Indian Company. The Icelander Árni from Geitarstekk sailed on Danish ships to various locations, including China and Russia.
According to University of Iceland professor Kristín Loftsdóttir, Icelanders have an historical duality as both a colonized people and as colonizers. Loftsdóttir has written that Icelandic settlers participated in settler-colonialism of Indigenous lands in the Americas and that during the push for independence Icelandic nationalists would sometimes "implicitly and explicitly refer to other colonized populations and accept the racist discourse of the time".
Finland never held direct colonial possessions, instead Finland has been a part of foreign nations since c. 1150 - 1918, where it was under the control of the Kingdom of Sweden and the Russian Empire.
Finnish people have a colonial history however, due to many Finns having settled in Torne Valley, Finnmark and southern Finnish Lapland, alongside Swedish colonies in North America, many of these Finnish settlers would adapt newer local identities, such as the Tornedalians and the Forest Finns. Many of these migrations were actively promoted by Sweden to increase their control over their colonial possessions, by employing Finns to migrate, most of these Finns were criminals or simply offered an opportunity in the Swedish colonies due to economic or food crisis.
In the 14th and 15th centuries, many Finns settled Finnmark and Torne Valley, migrating from Southern Finland to populate the region. This led to the Sámi population becoming outnumbered slowly in the Finnmark and Torne Valley regions, this led to increased competition for vital economic materials such as reindeer fur, which lead to crisis for the mountain Sámi populations. During the Great Northern War, Finnish emigration to Sápmi increased greatly and tensions flared between the Sámi and Finns, leading to many Sámi migrating further northward.
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Nordic colonialism
Nordic colonialism is a subdivision within broader colonial studies that discusses the role of Nordic nations in achieving economic benefits from outside of their own cultural sphere. The field ranges from studying the Sámi in relation to the Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish and states, to activities of the Danish Colonial Empire and Swedish Empire in Africa, Greenland, New Sweden, and on Caribbean islands such as St. Thomas and Saint-Barthélemy.
Some consider Norse Vikings to be the first Europeans to create colonies in the Americas. The arrival of Leif Erikson, of Iceland, in the Americas occurred 500 years before Christopher Columbus, and it was unintentional, as it was said that his ship was blown off-course on the way to Greenland. Erikson established settlements in what is now modern day Newfoundland, Canada. In the year 999 c. Erikson's father, Erik the Red, was one of the first Europeans to establish colonies in Greenland. Iceland was considered the first European country to create colonies in North America and Greenland.
The Norse Greenland colonists referred to the Indigenous Beothuk and Inuit peoples of Newfoundland and Greenland using the derogatory term "skraelings", which meant "wretch" or "scared weakling". The Norse sagas characterize the Indigenous peoples of North America as hostile.
In Danish-ruled Iceland, some Icelandic people participated in Danish colonialism against Black and Asian people. In the 17th century, the Icelander Jón Ólafsson visited Africa and India during his time working for the Danish East Indian Company. The Icelander Árni from Geitarstekk sailed on Danish ships to various locations, including China and Russia.
According to University of Iceland professor Kristín Loftsdóttir, Icelanders have an historical duality as both a colonized people and as colonizers. Loftsdóttir has written that Icelandic settlers participated in settler-colonialism of Indigenous lands in the Americas and that during the push for independence Icelandic nationalists would sometimes "implicitly and explicitly refer to other colonized populations and accept the racist discourse of the time".
Finland never held direct colonial possessions, instead Finland has been a part of foreign nations since c. 1150 - 1918, where it was under the control of the Kingdom of Sweden and the Russian Empire.
Finnish people have a colonial history however, due to many Finns having settled in Torne Valley, Finnmark and southern Finnish Lapland, alongside Swedish colonies in North America, many of these Finnish settlers would adapt newer local identities, such as the Tornedalians and the Forest Finns. Many of these migrations were actively promoted by Sweden to increase their control over their colonial possessions, by employing Finns to migrate, most of these Finns were criminals or simply offered an opportunity in the Swedish colonies due to economic or food crisis.
In the 14th and 15th centuries, many Finns settled Finnmark and Torne Valley, migrating from Southern Finland to populate the region. This led to the Sámi population becoming outnumbered slowly in the Finnmark and Torne Valley regions, this led to increased competition for vital economic materials such as reindeer fur, which lead to crisis for the mountain Sámi populations. During the Great Northern War, Finnish emigration to Sápmi increased greatly and tensions flared between the Sámi and Finns, leading to many Sámi migrating further northward.