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North Island Fault System
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North Island Fault System
The North Island Fault System (NIFS) (also known as North Island Dextral Fault Belt or North Island Shear Belt) is a set of southwest–northeast trending seismically-active faults in the North Island of New Zealand that carry much of the dextral (right lateral) strike-slip component of the oblique convergence of the Pacific Plate with the Australian Plate. However despite at least 3 km (1.9 mi) of uplift of the axial ranges in the middle regions of the fault system during the last 10 million years most of the shortening on this part of the Hikurangi Margin is accommodated by subduction.
The faults include the Wairarapa Fault and Wellington Fault to the southwest, the Ruahine and Mohaka Faults in the central section and the Waimana, Waiotahi, Whakatane and Waiohau Faults to the northeast. Most of the fault system consists of dextral strike-slip faults, although towards its northeastern end the trend swings to more S-N trend and the faults become mainly oblique normal in sense as the zone intersects with the Taupō Rift. This fault zone accommodates up to 1 cm/year (0.39 in/year) of strike-slip displacement.
The North Island Fault System consists of eight main fault strands and many smaller related faults that are also currently active.
The more southeasterly branch of the Wellington Fault is known as the Mohaka fault. The fault splays to the north, onto the Waimana Fault, which itself has branches of the Waiotahi and Waioeka Faults. The Waimana Fault is 50 km (31 mi) long with potential for a Mw6.9 shock at its recurrence interval of 2850 years and slip rate of 0.07 cm/year (0.028 in/year). The main segment of the Mohaka Fault eventually passes into the Whakatane Fault which has an off shore extension. The Whakatane Fault has multisegment capacity for a size Mw 7 earthquake at a recurrence interval of 3000 years and slip rate of 0.1 cm/year (0.039 in/year). To the east of the Mohaka Fault is the Patoka Fault which commences in the Tutaekuri River valley within 500 m (1,600 ft) of a Mohaka Fault splay. Where the Potaka Fault intercepts the Esk Forest its most eastern active splay becomes the Rukumoana Fault. The Potaka Fault terminates just south of the peak Tauwhare Papauma on State Highway 5. The Rukumoana Fault has an active northern splay called the Rangiora Fault and both terminate in the region of Hawke's Bay north of Lake Tutira. Where the Rangiora Fault terminates the Waiotahi Fault to its north by about 20 km (12 mi) becomes the most eastern active fault in the system.
There has been a transition from episodic dip-slip-dominated displacement during the late Miocene–Pliocene to oblique-slip and strike-slip-dominated offset more recently. Prior to the late Miocene, before about 11 million years ago, at least 500 m (1,600 ft) of western vertical displacement occurred on the Mohaka Fault, and more recently, in the last 2.3 million years the maximum vertical displacement has been at least a further 500 m (1,600 ft) found about 30 km (19 mi) south of Hawkston. It is noted that at Hawkston itself there has been no vertical displacement although both the southern end and northern end of the fault there has been vertical displacement during this period. The souther displacement of about 350 m (1,150 ft) produced the Wakarara Range. The Mohaka Fault has had about 300 m (980 ft) of strike-slip displacement in the last 2 million years.
As the Wellington Fault branches near Woodville, the more northwesterly branch is known as the Ruahine Fault. Results from trenching over this fault suggest an earthquake recurrence interval of 400–500 years, with typical offsets in the range 3.0–5.5 m. Similarly to the Mohaka Fault, it appears that the Ruahine Fault has displacement rates of just above 0.5 cm/year (0.20 in/year) and had a transition from episodic dip-slip-dominated displacement during the late Miocene–Pliocene to oblique-slip and strike-slip-dominated offset more recently. The Ruahine Fault commenced its vertical displacement about 10 million years ago in the late Miocene. Most of the Ruahine Fault presently accommodates down to the east vertical displacements but between 4 and 3 million years ago 200 m (660 ft) up to the east vertical displacement has been found on a portion of the fault. In the last 3.6 million years geological studies have shown that less than 10 km (6.2 mi) of dextral offset has occurred on the Ruahine Fault. At its northern end this fault becomes the Waiohau Fault which has several geologically active splays. There is a western splay of the Ruahine Fault before this to the Kaweka Fault around the Mohaka River valley. The Kaweka Fault remains the most western fault until it becomes in turn the Wheao Fault in the Waipunga River valley. The Te Whaiti Fault is a splay towards the NNE of the Wheao Fault that rejoins it near Murupara and for a brief while the Te Whaiti Fault is the most western active fault of the system before it merges with a splay of the Waiohau Fault which terminates at the head of the Rangitaiki River valley.
The Waimana Fault is to the east of the Whakatane Fault both of which join the Mohaka Fault in the south of the system To its north it has an off shore portion that terminates against the White Island Fault which is the eastern margin of the Taupō Rift.
The Waiohau Fault extends from the end of the Ruahine Fault north towards the Bay of Plenty for 61 km (38 mi). The slip rate is 0.14 cm/year (0.055 in/year) with estimated movement of a multisegment fault rupture of Mw 7.1 with an average recurrence of 3000 years. It lies roughly parallel with, and to the west of, the Whakatane, Waimana, and Waiotahi Faults, and to the east of the Taupō Rift. At its southern end it is a dextral strike-slip fault, becoming a normal dip-slip fault for the northern part of its length. The valley of the Rangitaiki River approximately follows the line of the fault. It terminates against the eastern margin of the Taupō Rift in the on shore portion of the Whakatāne Graben. The fault is believed to be responsible for an earthquake in 1866 which was centred near Te Mahoe, east of Kawerau.
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North Island Fault System
The North Island Fault System (NIFS) (also known as North Island Dextral Fault Belt or North Island Shear Belt) is a set of southwest–northeast trending seismically-active faults in the North Island of New Zealand that carry much of the dextral (right lateral) strike-slip component of the oblique convergence of the Pacific Plate with the Australian Plate. However despite at least 3 km (1.9 mi) of uplift of the axial ranges in the middle regions of the fault system during the last 10 million years most of the shortening on this part of the Hikurangi Margin is accommodated by subduction.
The faults include the Wairarapa Fault and Wellington Fault to the southwest, the Ruahine and Mohaka Faults in the central section and the Waimana, Waiotahi, Whakatane and Waiohau Faults to the northeast. Most of the fault system consists of dextral strike-slip faults, although towards its northeastern end the trend swings to more S-N trend and the faults become mainly oblique normal in sense as the zone intersects with the Taupō Rift. This fault zone accommodates up to 1 cm/year (0.39 in/year) of strike-slip displacement.
The North Island Fault System consists of eight main fault strands and many smaller related faults that are also currently active.
The more southeasterly branch of the Wellington Fault is known as the Mohaka fault. The fault splays to the north, onto the Waimana Fault, which itself has branches of the Waiotahi and Waioeka Faults. The Waimana Fault is 50 km (31 mi) long with potential for a Mw6.9 shock at its recurrence interval of 2850 years and slip rate of 0.07 cm/year (0.028 in/year). The main segment of the Mohaka Fault eventually passes into the Whakatane Fault which has an off shore extension. The Whakatane Fault has multisegment capacity for a size Mw 7 earthquake at a recurrence interval of 3000 years and slip rate of 0.1 cm/year (0.039 in/year). To the east of the Mohaka Fault is the Patoka Fault which commences in the Tutaekuri River valley within 500 m (1,600 ft) of a Mohaka Fault splay. Where the Potaka Fault intercepts the Esk Forest its most eastern active splay becomes the Rukumoana Fault. The Potaka Fault terminates just south of the peak Tauwhare Papauma on State Highway 5. The Rukumoana Fault has an active northern splay called the Rangiora Fault and both terminate in the region of Hawke's Bay north of Lake Tutira. Where the Rangiora Fault terminates the Waiotahi Fault to its north by about 20 km (12 mi) becomes the most eastern active fault in the system.
There has been a transition from episodic dip-slip-dominated displacement during the late Miocene–Pliocene to oblique-slip and strike-slip-dominated offset more recently. Prior to the late Miocene, before about 11 million years ago, at least 500 m (1,600 ft) of western vertical displacement occurred on the Mohaka Fault, and more recently, in the last 2.3 million years the maximum vertical displacement has been at least a further 500 m (1,600 ft) found about 30 km (19 mi) south of Hawkston. It is noted that at Hawkston itself there has been no vertical displacement although both the southern end and northern end of the fault there has been vertical displacement during this period. The souther displacement of about 350 m (1,150 ft) produced the Wakarara Range. The Mohaka Fault has had about 300 m (980 ft) of strike-slip displacement in the last 2 million years.
As the Wellington Fault branches near Woodville, the more northwesterly branch is known as the Ruahine Fault. Results from trenching over this fault suggest an earthquake recurrence interval of 400–500 years, with typical offsets in the range 3.0–5.5 m. Similarly to the Mohaka Fault, it appears that the Ruahine Fault has displacement rates of just above 0.5 cm/year (0.20 in/year) and had a transition from episodic dip-slip-dominated displacement during the late Miocene–Pliocene to oblique-slip and strike-slip-dominated offset more recently. The Ruahine Fault commenced its vertical displacement about 10 million years ago in the late Miocene. Most of the Ruahine Fault presently accommodates down to the east vertical displacements but between 4 and 3 million years ago 200 m (660 ft) up to the east vertical displacement has been found on a portion of the fault. In the last 3.6 million years geological studies have shown that less than 10 km (6.2 mi) of dextral offset has occurred on the Ruahine Fault. At its northern end this fault becomes the Waiohau Fault which has several geologically active splays. There is a western splay of the Ruahine Fault before this to the Kaweka Fault around the Mohaka River valley. The Kaweka Fault remains the most western fault until it becomes in turn the Wheao Fault in the Waipunga River valley. The Te Whaiti Fault is a splay towards the NNE of the Wheao Fault that rejoins it near Murupara and for a brief while the Te Whaiti Fault is the most western active fault of the system before it merges with a splay of the Waiohau Fault which terminates at the head of the Rangitaiki River valley.
The Waimana Fault is to the east of the Whakatane Fault both of which join the Mohaka Fault in the south of the system To its north it has an off shore portion that terminates against the White Island Fault which is the eastern margin of the Taupō Rift.
The Waiohau Fault extends from the end of the Ruahine Fault north towards the Bay of Plenty for 61 km (38 mi). The slip rate is 0.14 cm/year (0.055 in/year) with estimated movement of a multisegment fault rupture of Mw 7.1 with an average recurrence of 3000 years. It lies roughly parallel with, and to the west of, the Whakatane, Waimana, and Waiotahi Faults, and to the east of the Taupō Rift. At its southern end it is a dextral strike-slip fault, becoming a normal dip-slip fault for the northern part of its length. The valley of the Rangitaiki River approximately follows the line of the fault. It terminates against the eastern margin of the Taupō Rift in the on shore portion of the Whakatāne Graben. The fault is believed to be responsible for an earthquake in 1866 which was centred near Te Mahoe, east of Kawerau.
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