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NunatuKavummiut
NunatuKavummiut (or People of NunatuKavut) are an Indigenous collective descended from Inuit and European people in central to southern Labrador.[page needed] They have also been called the Southern Inuit, Inuit-Métis and Labrador Métis. While some NunatuKavummiut have used the term Métis (meaning "mixed" in French), they are unrelated to the Métis Nation of Western Canada.
The NunatuKavummiut span 24 communities across NunatuKavut, forming a majority in many of those, and most still partake in traditional livelihoods such as hunting, fishing, trapping, and berry collecting. The region proposed by the NunatuKavut Community Council (NCC) extends from north of the community of Makkovik in Nunatsiavut to south of the community of Blanc-Sablon in Quebec. It also extends to the west as far as the border between Quebec and Labrador.
The NCC (formerly the Labrador Métis Nation) signed a memorandum of understanding with the federal government in 2019, though this does not grant Indigenous rights in itself. It is also an associate member of the Congress of Aboriginal Peoples. The NCC and its approximately 6,000 members have not been recognized by the Nunatsiavut Government, the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, or the Inuit Circumpolar Council. The Court of Appeal of Newfoundland and Labrador said the NunatuKavummiut had a "credible but [as yet] unproven" case for Indigenous rights.
Nunatuĸavut or NunatuKavut means "Our Ancient Land" in the traditional Inuttitut dialect of central and southern Labrador. The NunatuKavummiut (literally "the People of Our Ancient Land") have also been known as the South-central Labrador Inuit, Southern Inuit of NunatuKavut, Southern Labrador Inuit, Labrador Inuit-Métis and Labrador Métis. The NCC was previously known as the Labrador Métis Association (1985) and the Labrador Métis Nation (1998).
Until the 1970s, the terminology used for the People of NunatuKavut was often applied by outsiders. Exonyms for the peoples today comprising the NunatuKavummiut have included Anglo-Esquimaux, Esquimaux, Labradorians, livyeres, planters, Settlers or mixed settlers, Southlanders, and more pejorative terms such as half-breeds and half-castes (some of which had also been used to refer to other groups, such as the Métis Nation and Kablunângajuk).[page needed]
Around 1975, some south-central Labradorians of Inuit and European heritage began to use the term Métis, which means "mixed" in French, to replace the use of derogatory terms such as half-breed. The term became more popular after the formation of the Labrador Métis Association in 1981, and its incorporation in 1985.[page needed] Even then, not all NunatuKavummiut used Métis, and the term sometimes caused confusion with the mixed Indian-European Métis Nation – an unrelated Indigenous group based in West Canada. Additionally, many of the Indigenous people of south-central Labrador called themselves Inuit or used both names interchangeably. This has led to combined terms such as Inuit-Métis also being used. Ultimately, the name of the community was changed, in 2010, to Southern Inuit of NunatuKavut or NunatuKavummiut to avoid confusion and better reflect the identity of its members.
There has been general scholarly agreement that Inuit were active in southern Labrador from at least the point of European first contact in the 1550s until the 1760s, when the area came under effective European control. Many settlements were inhabited throughout the year. Sod houses dating from the early- to mid-16th century have been identified in Sandwich Bay, such as on Huntingdon Island. Communal houses were inhabited by as many as five or six families and tents were used in the warmer seasons.[page needed] Occupation was likely much more extensive and consistent than that, as most NunatuKavummiut lived a transhumant semi-nomadic way of life until the mid-1900s.[page needed]
Southern Inuit groups are recorded as being in conflict with the Basque and French whalers beginning in the mid-1500s; later they traded with these groups until the French were excluded from the region following the Treaty of Paris (1763). Europeans did not have separate communities but lived with the local Inuit and adopted Inuit customs and traditions. The presence of some Iberian and French surnames among south-central Inuit families, attested among Roman Catholic church records, probably relates to early unions with these Basque and French settlers.
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NunatuKavummiut
NunatuKavummiut (or People of NunatuKavut) are an Indigenous collective descended from Inuit and European people in central to southern Labrador.[page needed] They have also been called the Southern Inuit, Inuit-Métis and Labrador Métis. While some NunatuKavummiut have used the term Métis (meaning "mixed" in French), they are unrelated to the Métis Nation of Western Canada.
The NunatuKavummiut span 24 communities across NunatuKavut, forming a majority in many of those, and most still partake in traditional livelihoods such as hunting, fishing, trapping, and berry collecting. The region proposed by the NunatuKavut Community Council (NCC) extends from north of the community of Makkovik in Nunatsiavut to south of the community of Blanc-Sablon in Quebec. It also extends to the west as far as the border between Quebec and Labrador.
The NCC (formerly the Labrador Métis Nation) signed a memorandum of understanding with the federal government in 2019, though this does not grant Indigenous rights in itself. It is also an associate member of the Congress of Aboriginal Peoples. The NCC and its approximately 6,000 members have not been recognized by the Nunatsiavut Government, the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, or the Inuit Circumpolar Council. The Court of Appeal of Newfoundland and Labrador said the NunatuKavummiut had a "credible but [as yet] unproven" case for Indigenous rights.
Nunatuĸavut or NunatuKavut means "Our Ancient Land" in the traditional Inuttitut dialect of central and southern Labrador. The NunatuKavummiut (literally "the People of Our Ancient Land") have also been known as the South-central Labrador Inuit, Southern Inuit of NunatuKavut, Southern Labrador Inuit, Labrador Inuit-Métis and Labrador Métis. The NCC was previously known as the Labrador Métis Association (1985) and the Labrador Métis Nation (1998).
Until the 1970s, the terminology used for the People of NunatuKavut was often applied by outsiders. Exonyms for the peoples today comprising the NunatuKavummiut have included Anglo-Esquimaux, Esquimaux, Labradorians, livyeres, planters, Settlers or mixed settlers, Southlanders, and more pejorative terms such as half-breeds and half-castes (some of which had also been used to refer to other groups, such as the Métis Nation and Kablunângajuk).[page needed]
Around 1975, some south-central Labradorians of Inuit and European heritage began to use the term Métis, which means "mixed" in French, to replace the use of derogatory terms such as half-breed. The term became more popular after the formation of the Labrador Métis Association in 1981, and its incorporation in 1985.[page needed] Even then, not all NunatuKavummiut used Métis, and the term sometimes caused confusion with the mixed Indian-European Métis Nation – an unrelated Indigenous group based in West Canada. Additionally, many of the Indigenous people of south-central Labrador called themselves Inuit or used both names interchangeably. This has led to combined terms such as Inuit-Métis also being used. Ultimately, the name of the community was changed, in 2010, to Southern Inuit of NunatuKavut or NunatuKavummiut to avoid confusion and better reflect the identity of its members.
There has been general scholarly agreement that Inuit were active in southern Labrador from at least the point of European first contact in the 1550s until the 1760s, when the area came under effective European control. Many settlements were inhabited throughout the year. Sod houses dating from the early- to mid-16th century have been identified in Sandwich Bay, such as on Huntingdon Island. Communal houses were inhabited by as many as five or six families and tents were used in the warmer seasons.[page needed] Occupation was likely much more extensive and consistent than that, as most NunatuKavummiut lived a transhumant semi-nomadic way of life until the mid-1900s.[page needed]
Southern Inuit groups are recorded as being in conflict with the Basque and French whalers beginning in the mid-1500s; later they traded with these groups until the French were excluded from the region following the Treaty of Paris (1763). Europeans did not have separate communities but lived with the local Inuit and adopted Inuit customs and traditions. The presence of some Iberian and French surnames among south-central Inuit families, attested among Roman Catholic church records, probably relates to early unions with these Basque and French settlers.