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Ossola Partisan Republic
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Ossola Partisan Republic
The Ossola Republic was a partisan republic that was established in northern Italy on September 10, 1944 and recaptured by the fascists on October 23, 1944. Unlike other partisan republics, the Ossola Republic was able, in little more than a month of existence, to cope not only with the contingencies imposed by the state of war, but also to give itself an articulate organization, with the establishment of the Provisional Government Council of Domodossola and the liberated zone (G.P.G.). During the albeit brief Forty Days of Freedom, illustrious figures such as Umberto Terracini, Piero Malvestiti and Gianfranco Contini collaborated on the drafting of democratically oriented reforms, which would later inspire the drafting of the Italian Constitution.
The history of the Ossola Republic was told in Leandro Castellani's screenplay Forty Days of Freedom and Giorgio Bocca's book A Partisan Republic (1964). A very detailed narrative is also found in Eugenio Corti's novel The Red Horse.
In the course of the Resistance, there were many areas liberated from the Nazi-Fascists, which organized themselves into Partisan Republics (among the first were the Republic of Maschito, the Republic of Corniolo and the Republic of Montefiorino). According to Roberto Battaglia, however, the largest and most significant were the Ossola Republic and the Carnia Republic. Giorgio Bocca, to these two major republics, also adds the Republic of Alto Monferrato.
In the assessment of most scholars, the Ossola experience occupies a prominent place for multiple reasons. First and foremost because of the vastness of the territory over which the government was able to extend: the territory conquered by the partisans included an area of 1600 km², six valleys, 32 municipalities and more than 80000 inhabitants. Moreover, while there is no doubt that the various Ossola partisan formations, through multiple valiant military actions, were the architects of the birth of the Ossola Republic, this event cannot be confined to a mere fact of arms. Aldo Moro wrote on the occasion of the 15th anniversary:
The Ossola Republic had an unquestionable political value in that it revealed the spontaneous charge of the civil values of the Resistance Movement, which did not exhaust its commitment to the struggle for the liberation of the homeland from the foreigners, but expressed the aspiration for a new order of Society, according to the natural popular vocations for democracy, which the fascist dictatorship had failed to destroy.
— Aldo Moro, Letter on the occasion of the 15th anniversary of the Ossola Republic
The remarkable, concrete political and administrative experience operated from the outset with an extraordinary breadth of perspective, projecting itself toward a new type of national community and therefore of state. Like an authentic government, the Provisional Council proved itself capable of organizing, in the albeit brief time granted to it by the wartime period, the essential supplies for the population, assistance, military defense, police, order of employment, finances, schooling, welfare, and justice. While in its brief existence the G.P.G. had no way, except for the school program, to draw up programmatic documents or Charters of Principles to be likened to attempts at constitutional charters, from reading the minutes and documents issued from time to time by the Council, one can discern the principles of true legality and freedom by which the future Italian Republic would be inspired and on which it would settle. There are examples of this in many spheres: in labor, with fair pay and respect for everyone's dignity; in education; in assistance to the indigent; in justice; and in land administration:
The Ossola episode is also of great value because it anticipated and intuited in their administrative and educational significance the importance of local autonomist structures, which would be more widely accepted in the Italian Constitution and form one of the most valuable components of our political and administrative system. (...) In this sense, in my opinion, this splendid page of our history should be judged: that is, as a testimony and as a symbol of the moral charge that animated the Italian Resistance in its most shining and genuine expressions
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Ossola Partisan Republic
The Ossola Republic was a partisan republic that was established in northern Italy on September 10, 1944 and recaptured by the fascists on October 23, 1944. Unlike other partisan republics, the Ossola Republic was able, in little more than a month of existence, to cope not only with the contingencies imposed by the state of war, but also to give itself an articulate organization, with the establishment of the Provisional Government Council of Domodossola and the liberated zone (G.P.G.). During the albeit brief Forty Days of Freedom, illustrious figures such as Umberto Terracini, Piero Malvestiti and Gianfranco Contini collaborated on the drafting of democratically oriented reforms, which would later inspire the drafting of the Italian Constitution.
The history of the Ossola Republic was told in Leandro Castellani's screenplay Forty Days of Freedom and Giorgio Bocca's book A Partisan Republic (1964). A very detailed narrative is also found in Eugenio Corti's novel The Red Horse.
In the course of the Resistance, there were many areas liberated from the Nazi-Fascists, which organized themselves into Partisan Republics (among the first were the Republic of Maschito, the Republic of Corniolo and the Republic of Montefiorino). According to Roberto Battaglia, however, the largest and most significant were the Ossola Republic and the Carnia Republic. Giorgio Bocca, to these two major republics, also adds the Republic of Alto Monferrato.
In the assessment of most scholars, the Ossola experience occupies a prominent place for multiple reasons. First and foremost because of the vastness of the territory over which the government was able to extend: the territory conquered by the partisans included an area of 1600 km², six valleys, 32 municipalities and more than 80000 inhabitants. Moreover, while there is no doubt that the various Ossola partisan formations, through multiple valiant military actions, were the architects of the birth of the Ossola Republic, this event cannot be confined to a mere fact of arms. Aldo Moro wrote on the occasion of the 15th anniversary:
The Ossola Republic had an unquestionable political value in that it revealed the spontaneous charge of the civil values of the Resistance Movement, which did not exhaust its commitment to the struggle for the liberation of the homeland from the foreigners, but expressed the aspiration for a new order of Society, according to the natural popular vocations for democracy, which the fascist dictatorship had failed to destroy.
— Aldo Moro, Letter on the occasion of the 15th anniversary of the Ossola Republic
The remarkable, concrete political and administrative experience operated from the outset with an extraordinary breadth of perspective, projecting itself toward a new type of national community and therefore of state. Like an authentic government, the Provisional Council proved itself capable of organizing, in the albeit brief time granted to it by the wartime period, the essential supplies for the population, assistance, military defense, police, order of employment, finances, schooling, welfare, and justice. While in its brief existence the G.P.G. had no way, except for the school program, to draw up programmatic documents or Charters of Principles to be likened to attempts at constitutional charters, from reading the minutes and documents issued from time to time by the Council, one can discern the principles of true legality and freedom by which the future Italian Republic would be inspired and on which it would settle. There are examples of this in many spheres: in labor, with fair pay and respect for everyone's dignity; in education; in assistance to the indigent; in justice; and in land administration:
The Ossola episode is also of great value because it anticipated and intuited in their administrative and educational significance the importance of local autonomist structures, which would be more widely accepted in the Italian Constitution and form one of the most valuable components of our political and administrative system. (...) In this sense, in my opinion, this splendid page of our history should be judged: that is, as a testimony and as a symbol of the moral charge that animated the Italian Resistance in its most shining and genuine expressions
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