Osteolepis (from Greek: ὀστέον ostéon 'bone' and Greek: λεπίς lepis 'scale') is an extinct genus of lobe-finned fish from the Devonian period. It lived in the Lake Orcadie of northern Scotland.

The genus' name is derived from the Greek ὀστέον (ostéon), meaning 'bone' and λεπίς (lepis), meaning 'scale'. The name of the type species translates as 'large-scaled'.

Osteolepis was about 20 centimetres (7.9 in) long, and covered with large, square scales. The scales and plates on its head were covered in a thin layer of spongy, bony material called cosmine. This layer contained canals that were connected to sensory cells deeper in the skin. These canals ended in pores on the surface and were probably for sensing vibrations in the water.

Osteolepis was a tetrapodomorph, and was distantly related to tetrapods. It is the name-bearing taxon of the order Osteolepiformes and the family Osteolepidae.

Osteolepis is known from the Orcadian Basin, which is part of the Old Red Sandstone. This environment was a calm freshwater lake, and was subject to periodic desiccation. During periods where the water was deepest, anoxic (without oxygen) events would result in fish kills, creating the large assemblages of articulated fish fossils that include Osteolepis.

Osteolepis likely fed on small invertebrates such as arthropods and mollusks, and itself may have been prey for larger fish such as Cheirolepis.