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Package manager

A package manager or package management system (PMS) is a collection of software tools that automates the process of installing, upgrading, configuring, and removing computer programs for a computer in a consistent manner.

A package manager deals with packages, distributions of software and data in archive files. Packages contain metadata, such as the software's name, description of its purpose, version number, vendor, checksum (usually a cryptographic hash function), and a list of dependencies necessary for the software to run properly. Upon installation, metadata is stored in a local package database. Package managers typically maintain a database of software dependencies and version information to prevent software mismatches and missing prerequisites. They work closely with software repositories, binary repository managers, and app stores.

Package managers are designed to eliminate the need for manual installs and updates. This can be particularly useful for large enterprises whose operating systems (OSes) typically consist of hundreds or even tens of thousands of distinct packages.

An early package manager was SMIT (and its backend install) from IBM AIX. SMIT was introduced with AIX 3.0 in 1989.[citation needed] Package managers like dpkg have existed as early as 1994. Early package managers, from around 1994, had no automatic dependency resolution but could already simplify the process of adding and removing software from a running system.

By around 1995, beginning with CPAN, package managers began handling package repository downloads, and dependency resolution and installation as needed, making it easier to install, uninstall and update software.

A software package is an archive file containing a computer program as well as necessary metadata for its deployment. The program may be in source code that has to be compiled and built first. Package metadata include the software's description, version number, and dependencies.

Package managers are charged with the task of finding, installing, maintaining or uninstalling packages upon the user's command. Typical functions of a package management system include:

Computer systems that rely on dynamic library linking, instead of static library linking, share executable libraries of machine instructions across packages and applications. In these systems, conflicting relationships between different packages requiring different versions of libraries results in a situation called dependency hell. On Microsoft Windows systems, this is also called DLL hell when working with dynamically-linked libraries.

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software that manages the installation, upgrading, removal and dependency resolution of software packages
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