Pakpak language

Pakpak
Pakpak
Kata Pakpak
Native to	Indonesia
Region	Sumatra (northern)
Ethnicity	Pakpak, Singkil
Native speakers	(1.2 million cited 1991)
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands Batak Northern Pakpak; ; ; ; ;
Writing system	Batak
Official status
Regulated by	Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa
Language codes
ISO 639-3	btd
Glottolog	bata1294

Dairi Batak syllables in Batak script.

Phonology

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n		ŋ
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t	tʃ	k
Plosive/ Affricate	voiced	b	d	dʒ	ɡ
Fricative			s			h
Trill			r
Lateral			l
Semivowel		w		j

Vowels /i, u, e, o/ can have shortened allophones of [ɪ, ʊ, ɛ, ɔ].^[2]
To differentiate between the three e sounds, [ə, e, ɛ], Manik used ⟨é⟩ for [e], ⟨è⟩ for [ɛ], and ⟨e⟩ for [ə].^[3]

^ Pakpak at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ Simbolon, Apul; Tinambunan, Raman; Pardede, Bertha (1978). Fonologi bahasa Batak Dairi. Medan: Proyek Penelitian Institut Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
^ Manik 1977, p. 6.

Manik, Tindi Radja (1977). Kamus bahasa Dairi Pakpak - Indonesia (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa.
Sembiring, Matius C.A.; Aiyub, T.; Amillah, R.; Perangin-angin, P. (1993). Morfologi dan Sintaksis Bahasa Pakpak Dairi [Morphology and Syntax of the Pakpak Dairi Language] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. ISBN 979-459-293-5 – via repositori.kemdikbud.go.id.
Basaria, Ida (2002). Analisis Morfologi Verba Bahasa Pakpak Dairi [Morphological Analysis of Pakpak Dairi Language Verbs] (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Kudadiri, Amhar (2010). Morfologi Nomina Bahasa Pakpak [Noun Morphology of the Pakpak Language] (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Brakel-Papenhuijzen, Clara (2014). Dairi Stories and Pakpak Storytelling. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004261730. ISBN 978-90-04-26173-0.
Pangaribuan, Mintauli (2017). Analisis Morfologi Verba Transitif Bahasa Pakpak Dairi [Morphological Analysis of Transitive Verbs in the Pakpak Dairi Language] (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Universitas Sumatera Utara.

This Austronesian languages-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Authority control databases
National	United States Czech Republic Israel
Other	Yale LUX